{"id":3825,"date":"2018-07-21T21:03:56","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T01:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3825"},"modified":"2019-05-26T00:33:05","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T04:33:05","slug":"16-social-and-personality-development-in-adolescence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/child-psychology\/16-social-and-personality-development-in-adolescence\/","title":{"rendered":"Social and Personality Development in Adolescence"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Identity: Asking \u201cWho Am I?\u201d A. Self\u00adConcept: What Am I Like?<\/li>\n<li>Differentiation of self\u00adconcept reflects a complex definition of the self. For example, we talked about adolescents becoming more idealistic \u2013 they may start defining themselves by their belief systems, as well.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adConfusion: behs don\u2019t always match up with self\u00adimage<\/p>\n<p>\u00adolder teens more comfortable w\/ behs changing across situations<\/p>\n<p>\u00adincorporating others\u2019 view of the self even more \u00adbeliefs ideas about who you are<\/p>\n<p>Self\u00adEsteem: How Do I Like Myself?<\/p>\n<p>1. Gender Differences in Self\u00adEsteem<\/p>\n<p>a) Especially in early adolescence, girls have lower self\u00adesteem.<\/p>\n<p>\u00adsocial pressure on physical appearance, social relationships \u00admay feel pressured to hide academic ability<\/p>\n<p>Self esteem\u00adis the emotional reaction to who you are. While the self\u00adesteem of boys is generally higher, they have worries of their own. \u00admacho expectations\u00ad confident, tough, fearless, no matter what \u00adathletic competence<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Socioeconomic Status and Race Differences in Self\u00adEsteem<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Higher SES leads to more self\u00adesteem \u2013 especially in late adolescence, trends very important; can feel left out if you can\u2019t afford them<\/li>\n<li>Current research indicates that African American adolescents, who have strong racial identity and sense of community, teens tend to have a stronger sense of racial identity, community, which leads to higher levels of self\u00adesteem<\/li>\n<li>It appears that Hispanic, Asian, and Native Americans have lower selfesteem than African or Caucasian Americans. in order A\u00adA, White, Hispanic, Asian, Native American<\/li>\n<li>Identity Formation: Change or Crisis?\n<ul>\n<li>According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the identity\u00ad versus\u00ad identity confusion stage\u00ad. discover identity, individuality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00adnever said your done, you may slightly revise your sense of self as you move on in life, BUT the BULK is in adolescence<\/li>\n<li>Societal Pressures and Reliance on Friends and Peers: lots of pressure to figure out what they want to do with life, esp., in late adolescence may rely more on friends, peers than parents as to what we should do<\/li>\n<li>Psychological Moratorium \u00ad taking time off from upcoming responsibilities of adulthood to explore roles, possibilities \u00adis it a good idea to have a year break b\/w high school and college?<\/li>\n<li>James Marcia\u2019s Approach to Identity Development\n<ul>\n<li>He suggests four categories within which either crisis or commitment exists. The four statuses are:\n<ul>\n<li>Identity achievement\u00ad: considered alternatives, committed to choices tend to be the happiest; may go back into exploration in college<\/li>\n<li>Identity foreclosure\u00ad prematurely committed to identity without really exploring \u00adusually what their parents want tend to have an above average\/ high need for social approval<\/li>\n<li>Identity diffusion\u00ad no exploration, no commitment: perfectly normal for young ppl ( 13 yrs); common in early teens \u00adin late teens, can lead to anxiety<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Moratorium\u00ad have explored alternatives, no decision<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adIN THE MIDDLE<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Research indicates that identity gels by the age of 18. Of course, as life events shape us, that sense of self will change over time, but the core tends to remain fairly stable.<\/li>\n<li>Depression and Suicide: Psychological Difficulties in Adolescence\n<ul>\n<li>Adolescent Depression\n<ul>\n<li>Many adolescents have feelings of sadness and hopelessness, and some experience major depression.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00admajor depressive disorder relatively rare\u00ad 3%<\/p>\n<p>\u00adinfluential factors include biology, environment, social factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Girls have higher incidences of depression than boys but the cause is not clear.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adgirls have higher rates\u00ad reason unclear \u00adfemale gender role?<\/p>\n<p>\u00adreactions to stress?<\/p>\n<p>\u00addealing w\/ stress girls internalize, guys externalize<\/p>\n<p>\u00adhormonal difference not a factor in levels of depression<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adolescent Suicide\n<ul>\n<li>Adolescent suicide rates have tripled in the last 30 years\u2014it is the third most common cause of death for teenagers.<\/li>\n<li>The current rate is one teenage suicide every 90 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00admore girls attempt; more boys succeed<\/p>\n<p>\u00admales tend to choose more violent, immediate methods<\/p>\n<p>\u00adestimates of as many as 200 attempts for each completed suicide<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>One reason for this increase is the increase in teenage stress\u2014 but that is not the whole picture. Other factors include:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adother risk factors:<\/p>\n<p>\u00addepression, family conflicts, history of abuse\/neglect<\/p>\n<p>\u00addrug\/alcohol abuse<\/p>\n<p>\u00adcluster suicide: one suicide leads to attempts by others to kill themselves<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are some clear warning signs for suicide possibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adany talk of suicide should be taken seriously; direct or indirect \u00admaking arrangements as if preparing for a long trip, including giving away prized possessions<\/p>\n<p>\u00adwriting a will<\/p>\n<p>\u00addramatic changes in beh<\/p>\n<p>\u00adpreoccupation w\/ death in music, art, literature<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Relationships: Family and Friends\n<ul>\n<li>Family Ties: Changes Relations with Relations\n<ul>\n<li>The Quest for Autonomy\u00ad having independence, sense of control over one\u2019s life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adoften adds to tension b\/w teens, parents<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Culture and Autonomy<\/li>\n<li>a) The degree of autonomy achieved varies with families and with cultural expectations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adWestern societies: individualistic\u00ad quest for autonomy is early, pronounced<\/p>\n<p>\u00adEastern societies: collectivistic\u00ad less of a push for autonomy<\/p>\n<p>\u00admales usually allowed more autonomy, earlier than females<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Myth of the Generation Gap \u00ad divide b\/w parents &amp; kids in attitudes, values, aspirations, world views \u00adactually tend to agree w\/ parents on \u201cbig issues\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Conflicts With Parents \u00adannoying, but not major<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adtend to be over matters of personal taste<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Relationships With Peers: The Importance of Belonging\n<ul>\n<li>Peer relationships are more critical to adolescents than any other time of life.<\/li>\n<li>References Groups \u2013 groups of people we see ourselves as belonging to<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00admost of our social comparisons<\/p>\n<p>\u00adset of norms we can use to judge our own successes\/ failures<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cliques and Crowds: Belonging to a Group<\/li>\n<li>a) Adolescents are usually part of some identifiable group.\n<ul>\n<li>Cliques\u00ad usually 2\u00ad12 people; most frequent interactions; core group of friends<\/li>\n<li>Crowds \u2013larger, more impersonal groups<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adcommon characteristics, but fewer interactions<\/p>\n<p>\u00adstrong expectations about beh\u00ad could be self\u00adfulfilling prophecy<\/p>\n<p>\u00adcliques, crowds give provisional sense of identity<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gender Relationships<\/li>\n<li>a) Gender relations change during the period of adolescence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(1) Sex cleavage\u00adearly adolescence\u00ad boys hangout w\/ boys, girls w\/ girls<\/p>\n<p>\u00adpuberty: hormonal, social pressure to interact w\/ the opposite sex<\/p>\n<p>\u00admost cliques become mixed\u00adsex<\/p>\n<p>\u00adend of adol.= cliques less influential; more time\u2026?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Popularity and Rejection\n<ul>\n<li>Popularity and rejection are central focuses of adolescent lives.<\/li>\n<li>Differentiations of popularity are complex.\n<ul>\n<li>Popular \u2013 well\u00adliked<\/li>\n<li>Controversial adolescents \u2013 liked by some, disliked by others<\/li>\n<li>Rejected adolescents \u2013uniformly disliked<\/li>\n<li>Neglected adolescents \u00adneither liked nor disliked; overlooked<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Conformity: Peer Pressure in Adolescence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adinfluence of one\u2019s peers to conform to their beh, attitudes<\/p>\n<p>\u00admost notable on social matters\u00ad fashion, music, popular movies, etc. \u00adfor other concerns, teens turn to whomever they consider an \u201cexpert\u201d\u00ad a lot of the time it is an adult<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Juvenile Delinquency: The Crimes of Adolescence\n<ul>\n<li>Juvenile delinquency (especially violent crime behavior) rates are rising.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adteens disproportionately involved in violent crimes<\/p>\n<p>(rape\/murder\/assault) &amp; property crimes (theft\/robbery\/arson)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Undersocialized delinquents\u00ad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adraised w\/ little discipline or w\/ harsh, uncaring parental supervision<\/p>\n<p>\u00adtypically begin criminal career before adolescence<\/p>\n<p>\u00adwill likely keep offending as adults<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Socialized delinquents \u2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adknow &amp; subscribe to norms of society; fairly normal psychologically<\/p>\n<p>\u00admore of a phase: usually influenced by a group \u00adNOT likely to continue offending as adults<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dating, Sexual Behavior, and Teenage Pregnancy Dating: Close Relationships in the 21<sup>st<\/sup> Century\n<ol>\n<li>By the time most girls are 12 and 13, and boys are 13 or 14, they begin to engage in dating.<\/li>\n<li>The Functions of Dating<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adlearn how to establish intimacy<\/p>\n<p>\u00adentertainment<\/p>\n<p>\u00addo this on your own;<\/p>\n<p>\u00adthis helps develop one\u2019s OWN identity<\/p>\n<p>\u00adwhole thing is more difficult for gay\/ lesbian teens, who face discrimination<\/p>\n<p>\u00admay not be able to openly date<\/p>\n<p>Research indicates that most dating in early and middle adolescence is superficial, so it does not help in learning to establish intimacy.\u00a0 True intimacy is more common in late adolescence where it can be a potential prelude to marriage.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When Texting Turns Explicit: Sexting \u2013 sending texts that contain explicit, sexually provocative photos or text\n<ol>\n<li>For an increasing number of adolescents, sexting is<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adeasy; can demonstrate affection\/loyalty<\/p>\n<p>\u00adcan also be used as relationship icebreaker<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The consequences of sexting can be devastating.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adnot uncommon for them to be forwarded<\/p>\n<p>\u00adcan be seen by 100s of kids \u00adcan be posted online \u00addouble standard\u00ad\u2026?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There can be legal consequences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adif image involves anyone under 18, child porno laws are applicable \u00adbecoming more prosecuted<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sexual Relationships<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Sex and sexual relationships are a major concern for adolescents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Masturbation \u00ad sexual self\u00adstimulation\u00adoften<\/p>\n<p>1<sup>st<\/sup> sexual activity, particularly for males<\/p>\n<p>\u00adcan be embarrassing<\/p>\n<p>\u00adinability to find sexual partner<\/p>\n<p>\u00adlingering cultural attitudes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sexual Intercourse\n<ul>\n<li>Sexual intercourse remains a major milestone in the perceptions of most adolescents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adwhat\u2019s the best age?<\/p>\n<p>\u00adage of 1<sup>st<\/sup> experience declined over last 50 years<\/p>\n<p>\u00adover \u00bd have intercourse b\/w 15 &amp; 18<\/p>\n<p>\u00ad80 %: have sex by the time we are 20<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00ad1 in 5 have sex before 13\n<ul>\n<li>The double standard (OK for men, not OK for women) has largely been supplanted by a new norm\u2014permissiveness with affection \u00ad premarital intercourse is acceptable for mean &amp; women if it occurs in context of long\u00adterm, committed, or loving relationship<\/li>\n<li>Sexual Orientation: Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, and Bisexuality 1. Sexual orientation questions also occur at adolescence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adquestions about sexual orientation can be difficult to deal with<\/p>\n<p>\u00addifficult to determine exact percentages of homosexuality\/bisexuality\u00ad sexuality seen as a continuum \u00ad20\u00ad25%: of teen boys, 10 % of teen girls will have at least 1 same\u00adsex encounter<\/p>\n<p>\u00addon\u2019t confuse sexuality w\/ gender identity\u00ad 2 separate things<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What Determines Sexual Orientation?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00adFREUD: inappropriate identification w\/ opposite\u00adsexed parent\u00ad not supported by evidence Genetics\u00ad twin studies<\/p>\n<p>\u00adinterplay of genetic, physiological, &amp; environmental factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Homosexual adolescents have a very difficult time and they are at greater risk for depression and suicide because of homophobia in society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00admay be rejected by peers, family<\/p>\n<p>\u00adharassment &amp; assaults<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Identity: Asking \u201cWho Am I?\u201d A. Self\u00adConcept: What Am I Like? Differentiation of self\u00adconcept reflects a complex definition of the self. For example, we talked about adolescents becoming more&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/child-psychology\/16-social-and-personality-development-in-adolescence\/\">Continue Reading<span> Social and Personality Development in Adolescence<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[97],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3825"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3825"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3825\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4917,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3825\/revisions\/4917"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3825"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3825"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3825"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}