{"id":3897,"date":"2018-07-22T17:48:50","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T21:48:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3897"},"modified":"2018-07-22T19:03:53","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T23:03:53","slug":"learning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>\u00a0Learning <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Class notes, ride bike\u00ad skills<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Conditioning <\/u>\u00ad<\/strong> refers to the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well\u00addefined stimuli<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Classical conditioning<\/strong> (Pavlovian)\u00ad type of learning in which a response naturally elicited (reflexive behavior) by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus o Jason Movie sounds EX o Pavlov\u2019s Conditioning Experiments\n<ul>\n<li>Classical conditioning was discovered almost by accident by I van Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who was studying digestive processes. Because animals salivate when food is placed in their mouths, Pavlov inserted tubes into the salivary glands of dogs to measure how much saliva they produced when they were given food.<\/li>\n<li>Pavlov set out to teach the dogs to salivate when food was not present. He came up with an experiment where he sounded a bell just before the food was brought into the room\u00ad dogs salivated<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Elements of Classical conditioning\u00ad 4 main elements<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unconditioned stimulus\u00ad UCS\u00ad<\/strong> a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Always causes reflexive response<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Food in Pavlov\u2019s experiment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unconditioned Response\u00ad UCR\u00ad<\/strong> a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Salivation in Pavlov\u2019s experiment<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Provoked naturally<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Conditioned Stimulus\u00ad CS\u00ad<\/strong> originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Bell in Pavlov\u2019s experiment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Conditioned Response\u00ad CR<\/strong>\u00ad after conditioning, the response and organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Salvation in Pavlov\u2019s experiment<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Provoked through learning<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Classical conditioning in Humans\n<ul>\n<li>Phobias\u00ad irrational fears of particular things, activities, or situations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Not going to hurt us<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To see how phobias might develop through classical conditioning, look at classic experiment conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Little Albert EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Started showing boy lab rat<\/li>\n<li>Every time he approached, experimenters made loud noise by striking steel bar<\/li>\n<li>Eventually, started crying when he saw the rat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Classical conditioning is selective\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Preparedness<\/strong>\u00ad some stimuli serve readily as conditioned stimuli for certain kinds of responses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Set up\/primed to become scared to particular stimuli<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Contra\u00adpreparedness<\/strong>\u00ad other types of stimuli do not serve as conditioned stimuli well<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conditioned Taste Aversion<\/strong>\u00ad conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Happens after only 1 experience<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Breaks usually rules of classical conditioning<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa John Garcia Rat Radiation EX<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rats exposed to high levels of radiation that made them sick<\/li>\n<li>Drank less water in radiation chamber<\/li>\n<li>Different bottles in home and radiation chamber o Plastic bottle had taste of water\/radiation that served as a CS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Rats associated water with radiation\u00ad UCS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Evolution\u00ad rapid happening of taste\u00adillness combination increases animals chance of survival<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Real problem for cancer patients\u00ad chemo causes aversion to all foods they eat due to nausea<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Operant Conditioning\u00ad<\/strong> behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant\u00adavoid punishment\/get reward o Elements of Operant Conditioning<\/li>\n<li><strong>Operant responses<\/strong>\u00ad chosen behavior that is modifiable by its consequences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa After we exhibit the behavior<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consequence that follows the behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Reinforces<\/strong>\u00ad consequences which increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at effect of behavior regardless of form<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Punishers<\/strong>\u00ad consequences that decrease the chances that a behavior will be repeated<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Law of Effect<\/strong>\u00ad theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be stamped in as learned behavior and behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped out \u2013 Principle of Reinforcement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Types of Reinforcement<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Positive<\/strong> \u2013 any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur<\/li>\n<li><strong>Negative<\/strong>\u00ad any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur o <strong>Escape conditioning<\/strong>\u00ad Remove behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Headache\u00ad take aspirin o <strong>Avoidance conditioning<\/strong>\u00ad Remove threat<\/li>\n<li>Migraine\u00ad take medicine before<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Types of Punishment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Positive<\/strong>\u00ad addition of a stimulus that decrease the likelihood that the behavior will recur<\/li>\n<li><strong>Negative\u00ad<\/strong> taking away of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood that the behavior will recur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Conditions needed for punishment to work<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Swift\u00ad punishment occurs after behavior<\/li>\n<li>Certain\u00ad have to know they are getting caught<\/li>\n<li>Sufficient without being cruel\u00ad unpleasant<\/li>\n<li>Seen as deserved by person being punished\u00ad has to be fair<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Drawbacks of punishment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Only suppresses behavior\u00ad does not replace it with better behavior<\/li>\n<li>Unpleasant emotions\u00ad humiliating<\/li>\n<li>May convey notion that hurting others is ok\u00ad get what you want by hurting others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Learning<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cognitive learning<\/strong>\u00ad learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable<\/li>\n<li><strong>Latent\u00ad <\/strong>learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change (shows up later) o Edward Tolman\u2019s Rat Study EX\n<ul>\n<li>When rats were reinforced\u00ad learned maze faster because had reward<\/li>\n<li>Rats unreinforced showed latent learning when finally given food at end of maze<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Stored internally in some way but not reflective in behavior<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Insight<\/strong>\u00ad learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem o Learning shoots to instant success\u00ad \u201cAh Ha\u201d moment o Wolfgang Kohler\u2019s Chimp Study EX\n<ul>\n<li>Placed chimp in cage with banana just out of reach<\/li>\n<li>Several items in cage, including a stick<\/li>\n<li>Chimp grabbed stick, poked banana to drag through bars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Observational learning<\/strong>\u00ad learning by observing other people\u2019s behavior o Social learning theory\u00ad a view of learning that emphasized the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner\n<ul>\n<li>New behavior, consequences by watching others<\/li>\n<li>Must not only see but also pay attention to what model does<\/li>\n<li>Remember what the model did<\/li>\n<li>Convert what you learned into action o <strong>Vicarious reinforcement\/ Vicarious punishment<\/strong>\u00ad experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform that behaviors they learned by observing those models<\/li>\n<li>Albert Bandura\u2019s Bobo Doll Study<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Randomly divided group of 66 nursery school children into 3 groups of 22 each<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Each watched film of adult abusing bobo doll with different ending condition<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Model\u00adreward\u00ad saw model get candles, soda, praise from second adult (VR)<\/li>\n<li>Model\u00adpunishment\u00ad second adult scolding and shaking finger at model (VP)<\/li>\n<li>No consequences\u00ad film ended in aggressive scene<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Immediately after film\u00ad kids taken individually into room where movie was filmed<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Allowed to play alone for 10minutes while behavior was observed through 1\u00adway mirror to observe spontaneous behavior<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Experimenters offered treats for imitating film<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Model Reward was more likely to portray film<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>All groups learned to imitate behavior equally<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0Learning \u00ad the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior Class notes, ride bike\u00ad skills \u00a0Conditioning \u00ad refers to the acquisition of&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/learning\/\">Continue Reading<span> Learning<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3897"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}