{"id":3907,"date":"2018-07-22T17:56:53","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T21:56:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3907"},"modified":"2018-07-22T19:03:47","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T23:03:47","slug":"gender-and-human-sexuality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/gender-and-human-sexuality\/","title":{"rendered":"Gender and Human Sexuality"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u00a0David Reimer AKA Bruce\/Brenda, John\/Joan<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Born normal male with identical brother<\/li>\n<li>At 6 months\u00ad diagnosed with <strong>phimosis<\/strong>\u00ad tight foreskin making it hard to urinate<\/li>\n<li>At 8 months\u00ad referred for circumcision<\/li>\n<li>Bruce was circumcised using a Bovie cartery machine\u00ad not intended for use on extremities\/genitals<\/li>\n<li>Bruce\u2019s penis was destroyed\u00ad burned to body<\/li>\n<li>Brian\u2019s circumcision was cancelled\u00ad full recovery without treatment<\/li>\n<li>John Money\u00ad pioneer in field of sexual development\/gender identity o Gender relatively plastic in infancy and develop primarily as result of social learning from early childhood ~ 2 years<\/li>\n<li>At 22 months\u00ad surgery performed to remove tests, construct vagina o Bruce became Brenda\n<ul>\n<li>Especially valid case study of social learning concept of gender identity\n<ul>\n<li>Build in control\u00ad identical brother<\/li>\n<li>1<sup>st<\/sup> of child born with structurally normal genitals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Money reported on Brenda\u2019s progress as John\/Joan case o A successful female gender development<\/li>\n<li>Brenda did not feel like a girl\u00ad masculine characteristics<\/li>\n<li>1997\u00ad undergone surgery to reverse assignment o living as David Reimer o Married, step\u00adfather<\/li>\n<li>Committed suicide in 2004<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>\u00a0Of all characteristics that make up who you are, one of the most far\u00adreaching is your sex. <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Virtually all of human functioning has a gendered cast\u00ad huge impact on how we develop o Dress, speak, carry ourselves, hobbies<\/li>\n<li>Terms:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sex<\/strong>\u00ad biological status of being male\/female o <strong>Intersexed<\/strong>\u00ad cannot tell male\/female at birth\n<ul>\n<li>Biological sex is genetically and hormonally derived<\/li>\n<li>Besides sex itself, hormones can also influence gender typed behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Androgens\u00ad tom boys<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Estrogen\u00ad more girlie<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gender Identity<\/strong>\u00ad internal sense of being male\/female\n<ul>\n<li>Transsexuals o <strong>Gender role<\/strong>\u00ad social categories of male\/female<\/li>\n<li>Expectations of how to behave<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Theories of Gender Role Development<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Money and Erhardt\u2019s Biosocial Theory<\/strong>\u00ad concentrates on biological forces that channel and constrain development o Influence how others treat child\u00adsocial forces<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Learning Theory<\/strong>\u00ad Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel\n<ul>\n<li>Gender role instruction is not different from any other kind of social learning\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Direct tuition\/differential reinforcement<\/strong>\u00ad adults and peers reward<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>kids for behavior considered appropriate and punish them if they depart too far from what is considered gender appropriate<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Observational learning<\/strong>\u00ad children adopt attitudes and behaviors of variety of same sex models\u00ad parents, movies, TV, books\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cognitive Development Theory<\/strong>\u00ad Kohlberg\n<ul>\n<li>Looks at social forces but see kids as more active in gender development\n<ul>\n<li>Reach level of gender identification<\/li>\n<li>Actively socialize themselves o 3 phases:<\/li>\n<li><strong>basic gender identity<\/strong>\u00ad by 3, they know they are a boy\/girl<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gender Stability<\/strong>\u00ad they realize they will always be a boy\/girl<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa High variability when this occurs<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gender consistency<\/strong>\u00ad 5\u00ad7, realize sex is stable across situations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gender Schema Theory<\/strong>\u00ad Sandra Bem\n<ul>\n<li>Gender schemas are networks of gender information that color perceptions and shape behaviors\n<ul>\n<li>Cognitive structure is inappropriate<\/li>\n<li>Guide our own behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evolutionary Approach<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Stresses principles of natural selection and adaptation as major determinants of social behavior.<\/li>\n<li>Sex differences and gender\u00adtypes social behaviors emerge because they promote survival of an individual\u2019s genes\n<ul>\n<li>More about gender differences in mating<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Male\u00ad promiscuity to spread DNA<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Female\u00ad seek out one male to raise children with<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Gender Roles<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Masculinity<\/strong>\u00ad boys are encourage towards instrumental roles\u00ad taking chare, standing up for themselves\u2026 o These dimensions of masculine stereotypes can be seen in 3 ways adolescent boys get into gangs\n<ul>\n<li>Jumped in\u00ad beat up<\/li>\n<li>Show fearlessness\u00ad kill someone<\/li>\n<li>Engage in callous sexual acts\u00ad rape<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feminity<\/strong>\u00ad girls are encourages toward expressive roles\u00ad taking care of others, being kind and nurturing o Girls have easier time breaking gender roles<\/li>\n<li><strong>Androgyny<\/strong>\u00ad combination of masculine and feminine traits in one person o Many psychologist are saying androgyny is healthier than either masculinity or femininity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o More likely to be positive for girls than boys in puberty<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Highest self esteem in girls<\/li>\n<li>Masculine boys have highest self esteem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gender role transcendence<\/strong>\u00ad belief that when an individual\u2019s competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized not on the basis of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny, but on a person basis o Do they do the job well?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Actual Differences between Males and Females<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Culturally dependent\u00ad not born in genes o <strong>Verbal ability<\/strong>\u00adwomen have greater vocabulary\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Visual\/spatial abilities<\/strong>\u00ad males see in \u201cmap view\u201d o <strong>Mathematics<\/strong>\u00addepends\n<ul>\n<li>Computation\u00ad women are better with basic tools<\/li>\n<li>Theory\u00ad males o <strong>Aggression<\/strong>\u00ad depends<\/li>\n<li>Overtly\u00ad males<\/li>\n<li>Covertly\u00ad females o <strong>Activity level<\/strong>\u00ad males have higher levels of PA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fear, timidity, risk taking<\/strong>\u00ad males, especially in new situations\n<ul>\n<li>Evolutionary trait\u00ad do not need that many males<\/li>\n<li>Males have smaller pre\u00adfrontal cortex where decision making and seeing consequences takes place o <strong>Emotional Expressivity\/Sensitivity<\/strong>\u00ad male and women are equal<\/li>\n<li>Women express they emotions more o <strong>Compliance<\/strong>\u00ad women<\/li>\n<li>They go along with orders\/authority<\/li>\n<li>Diplomatic\u00ad suggestions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Scientists may bias research o <strong>Alpha bias<\/strong>\u00ad maximum difference between groups being studied o <strong>Beth bias<\/strong>\u00ad minimum difference between genders<\/li>\n<li>Things to remember on research on sex differences:\n<ul>\n<li>High degree of overlap in distribution of sexes o Within sex variability is very high<\/li>\n<li>Differences vary by context in which you observe behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00a0Cultural Beliefs and Sexuality<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Cultural Beliefs o <strong>Restrictive cultures<\/strong>\u00ad place strong prohibitions on sex before marriage\n<ul>\n<li>Female virginity highly prized<\/li>\n<li>Physically separate un\u00admarried<\/li>\n<li>Ines Beag culture EX\u00ad most sex repressed culture<\/li>\n<li>Double standard\u00ad females killed if have sex before marriage, males are never punished<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Semi restrictive cultures<\/strong>\u00ad also have prohibitions regarding premarital sex, not as strictly enforced and easy ways around them\n<ul>\n<li>Turn blind eye unless female becomes pregnant<\/li>\n<li>US culture EX o <strong>Permissive cultures<\/strong>\u00ad encourage and expect premarital sex throughout lifespan<\/li>\n<li>Mangaian culture in South Pacific EX<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Importance of female virginity has led some traditional culture to mutilate their females o <strong>Male circumcision<\/strong>\u00ad removal of foreskin of penis\n<ul>\n<li>Fairly common in US<\/li>\n<li>Health reasons\u00ad cleanliness<\/li>\n<li>Dad was, therefore child should be<\/li>\n<li>In recent years, there has been a movement to stop circumcision of infant boys in US<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Painful<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa No real reason outside of religion<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Males in traditional cultures are often circumcised as adolescents, in public ceremonies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Female genital mutilation<\/strong>\u00ad\n<ul>\n<li>3 main types<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Sunna circumcision<\/strong>\u00ad removal of hood\/tip of clitoris<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Clitoridectomy\/excision<\/strong>\u00ad remove of entire clitoris and adjacent labia<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Infibulation\/pharaonic circumcision<\/strong>\u00ad removal of clitoris, labia, and join scraped sides of vulva across vagina<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FGM is mostly done in unsanitary conditions in which a midwife uses unclean sharp instruments such as razor blades, scissors, kitchen knives, and pieces of glass<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Frequently used on severely girls in succession<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Rarely cleaned\u00ad increase transmission of viruses<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FGM has long\u00adterm physiological, sexual, and psychological effects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Sexual frigidly<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Genital malformation<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Delayed menarche<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Chronic pelvic complications<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Recurrent urinary retention and infection<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Obstetric complications for fetus<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Why? Cultural, not religious practice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Cleanliness<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Danger to husband<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Economic survival\u00ad marriage\u00ad ensure faithfulness<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Local custom<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Insurance of virginity\/fidelity<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Homosexuality<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sexual preference across the lifespan<\/strong>\u00ad most think hetero\/homosexual behavior are distinct patterns easily defined o Alfred Kinsey and the continuum of sexuality\n<ul>\n<li>0= most exclusive heterosexual<\/li>\n<li>6= most exclusive homosexual<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Homophobia\u00ad<\/strong> fear and hatred of homosexuals\n<ul>\n<li>Can result in ridicule, beatings, killings<\/li>\n<li>Matthew Shepard EX<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Passing<\/strong>\u00ad process of hiding one\u2019s real social identity o Gay and lesbian adolescents attempt suicides at rates of 20\u00ad35% higher than those of straight teenagers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 Have higher rate of substance abuse, school problems, running away from home<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biological basis for homosexuality o Results of hormone studies have been inconsistent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 A very early critical period might influence sexual orientation<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Between 2\u00ad5 months after conception, exposure of fetus to female hormones may cause individual (male\/female) to be attracted to males<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Brain Studies<\/strong>\u00ad LeVay found an area of hypothalamus that governs sexual behavior that is twice as large in heterosexual than in homosexual men<\/li>\n<li><strong>Twin studies<\/strong>\u00ad same environment but DNA differs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 Suggests genetic contribution of sexuality<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Monozygotic twins\u00ad ~ 2\/3 concordance rates<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Dizygotic twins\u00ad &lt; 1\/3 concordance rates<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An individuals sexual orientation is most likely determined by combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, environmental factors o Not causes of homosexuality\n<ul>\n<li>Modeling theory\u00ad gay parents not more likely to raise homosexual children<\/li>\n<li>Poor parenting theory\u00ad weak\/absent father + dominant mother = homosexual male<\/li>\n<li>Girls choosing male role models\u00ad tom boys<\/li>\n<li>Seduction theory\u00ad gays are after your children, sexually abused<\/li>\n<li>\u201cby default\u201d theory\u00ad too unattractive to get a male<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Sexually transmitted infections <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>5 key points about all STIs in US o STIs affect men and women fo all backgrounds and economic levels\n<ul>\n<li>People under 25 account for 2\/3 of all new STI<\/li>\n<li>Increase of STI in elderly o Incidence of STI is still rising<\/li>\n<li>Having sex younger, marrying late<\/li>\n<li>Divorce is more common<\/li>\n<li>More sexual partners o STI cause no symptoms, particularly in women<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Health problems for STI more severe and frequent in women<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do not go to doctor because see no symptoms o When diagnosed and treated early, SIT can be treated effectively<\/li>\n<li>Strains are becoming more resistant to vaccines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Prevention:\n<ul>\n<li>Avoid sexual contact with others<\/li>\n<li>Have a mutually monogamous sexual relationship with uninfected partner o Correctly and consistently use a condom<\/li>\n<li>Do not use intravenous illegal drugs or have sex with someone who does<\/li>\n<li>Delay sex as long as possible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Limit the number of partners you have<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0David Reimer AKA Bruce\/Brenda, John\/Joan Born normal male with identical brother At 6 months\u00ad diagnosed with phimosis\u00ad tight foreskin making it hard to urinate At 8 months\u00ad referred for&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/gender-and-human-sexuality\/\">Continue Reading<span> Gender and Human Sexuality<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3907"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3907"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3907\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3907"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3907"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}