{"id":3913,"date":"2018-07-22T18:01:28","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T22:01:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3913"},"modified":"2019-05-25T21:40:03","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T01:40:03","slug":"psychological-disorders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/psychological-disorders\/","title":{"rendered":"Psychological Disorders"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>\u00a0Abnormal Behavior <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological<\/p>\n<p>(diseased or disordered)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identifying Abnormal Behavior<\/li>\n<li>o<strong><u> Statistical Infrequency <\/u><\/strong>\u00adhow rare\/unusual something is\n<ul>\n<li>Cannot be only defining characteristic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>o<strong><u> Disability\/dysfunction <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad does the maladaptive behavior (not good for you) cause a dysfunction for the person or other people<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Not good for you or other people\u00ad alcoholism, drugs<\/li>\n<li>Practical and flexible<\/li>\n<li>2 aspects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa<strong><u> maladaptive to ones\u2019 self <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad inability to reach goals, adapt to life demands<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa<strong><u> maladaptive to society <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad interferes, disrupts social group functioning<\/p>\n<p>o<strong><u> Personal distress\u00ad <\/u>\u00a0<\/strong>some people have the idea that if you are okay with it and it does not cause distress, then you don\u2019t have a mental disorder (wrong)<\/p>\n<p>o<strong><u> Social norm violation <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>EX\u00ad clothes in public o<strong><u> Deviation from an ideal <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad humanism and existentialsim<\/li>\n<li>If you are not self\u00adactualized, you are mentally ill<\/li>\n<li>Not used by therapists o<strong><u> Medical disorder <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad Alzheimer\u2019s disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o<strong><u> Insanity <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions or allowed to manage their own affairs because of mental illness<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7 Avoided by psychologists because it confuses legal and mental health issues<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Historical Views of Psychological Disorders <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Supernatural View <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad mysterious actions were attributed to supernatural powers and possession<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o<strong><u> Trephining <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad boring holes in skull to let out evil spirits<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Naturalistic View <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad ancient Greece<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o<strong><u> Hippocrates <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad believed that madness was like any other sickness\u00ada natural event arising from natural causes; a physical illness<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7<strong><u> Imbalances in 4 humors <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad trying to link mental to physical<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa<strong><u> Blood <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad air<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hot and moist<\/li>\n<li>Sanguine\u00adamorous, happy, generous<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa<strong><u> Yellow bile <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad fire<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hot and dry<\/li>\n<li>Choleric\u00ad violent, vengeful<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa<strong><u> Phlegm <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad water<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cold and moist<\/li>\n<li>Phlegmatic\u00ad dull, pale, cowardly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa<strong><u> Black Bile <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad earth<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cold and dry<\/li>\n<li>Melancholic\u00adgluttonous, lazy, sentimental<\/li>\n<li><strong>Middle Ages<\/strong>\u00ad Europeans reverted to supernatural iew of abnormal behavior o Naturalistic views still held in Arab cultures o If you were mentally ill, you were bad and being punished o Exorcisms and horrifying tortures<\/li>\n<li><strong>Late Middle Ages<\/strong>\u00ad public and private asylums where emotionally disturbed people could be confined were being established o In worst cases, inmates were chained down and deprived of food, light, or air to \u201ccure\u201d them<\/li>\n<li><strong>Turning point<\/strong>\u00ad 1793\u00ad Phillpe Pinel became director of Bicetre Hospital in Paris o <strong>Medical Model of Mental Illness<\/strong>\u00ad perspective that assumes diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o <strong>Dorothea Dix<\/strong>\u00ad schoolteacher from Boston<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Led a nationwide campaign for humane treatment of mentally ill people.<\/li>\n<li>Conditions did not change all that much o <strong>Deinstitutionalization<\/strong>\u00ad movement of mental patients out of large hospitals<\/li>\n<li>Major goal of mental health care in last half of 20<sup>th<\/sup> century<\/li>\n<li><strong>Psychiatry<\/strong>\u00ad branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of mental disorders o Thomas Szasz\u00ad critic of medical model\n<ul>\n<li><em>The myth of Mental Illness<\/em>\u00ad used to suppress behaviors we do not accept in society, by the state to control people for expressing unpopular views<\/li>\n<li><em>Separation of Psychiarty and the state <\/em>o <strong>David Rosenhan\u2019s Study on being sane in insane places<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>8 sane persons gained \u201csecret admission\u201d to 12 different mental hospitals around US, complaining of hearing hallucinatory voices saying \u201cdull\u201d and \u201cthud\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Most diagnosed with Schizophrenia, released in remission, meaning they were no longer showing symptoms<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>\u00ad psychiatry cannot distinguish same from insane<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Anxiety Disorders <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad type of abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear; normal reactions to stress<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GAD<\/strong>\u00ad chronic, uncontrollable, an excessive worry not focused on any particular object or situation o ~ 4 million US, 2xs as many women as men\n<ul>\n<li>Women more likely to express and report symptoms o Diagnosed when someone spends at least 6 months worrying excessively about a number of everyday problems<\/li>\n<li>Interference with rest of life<\/li>\n<li>Usually realize they are too worried<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Panic disorder<\/strong>\u00ad sudden and inexplicable attacks of intense fear o Symptoms\u00ad difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, terror, feelings of impending doom\n<ul>\n<li>Can occur at any time\u00ad peak within 10 minutes o ~ 2.4 million US, 2Xs as common in women<\/li>\n<li><strong>Comorbidit<\/strong>y\u00ad more than one illness at the same time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 Depression, self medication, alcohol, drugs o May restrict normal activities<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>OCD<\/strong>\u00ad characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsession) and\/or repetitive behaviors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(compulsions) o Do not gain pleasure from compulsive behavior\u00ad just the relief from anxiety of not performing behavior<\/p>\n<p>o ~ 3.3 million US\u00ad effects men and women equally<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7 Children are often unaware OCD is abnormal<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Phobia<\/strong>\u00ad intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation o 3 main categories\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fear of public places (agoraphobia)\u00ad<\/strong> avoid crowds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Usually develops after multiple panic attacks<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Simple phobias<\/strong>\u00ad caused by a specific thing<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Phobia<\/strong>\u00ad combination of excessive self\u00adconsciousness, a fear of pubic scrutiny or humiliation in common social situations, and a fear of negative evaluation by others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Mood Disorders <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Depression<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms\u00ad sad mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed, change in appetite or weight, difficulty sleeping or oversleeping, physical slowing or agitation, energy loss, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide o <strong>Unipolar disorders<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Major Depressive disorder<\/strong>\u00ad 5 or more symptoms and impairment in usual functioning nearly every day during the same 2 week period<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dysthymic disorder<\/strong>\u00ad depressed mood persists for at least 2 years (1 year in children) and is accompanied by at least 2 other symptoms of depression o <strong>Bipolar disorder\/Manic depressive illness<\/strong>\u00ad brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person mod, energy, and ability to function<\/li>\n<li>Develops in late adolescent ot early adulthood<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms of Mania: Increased energy, activity, restlessness, excessively high, overly good, euphoric mood, extreme irritability, racing thoughts and talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another, distractibility, can\u2019t concentrate well, little sleep needed, unrealistic beliefs in one\u2019s abilities and powers, poor judgment, spending sprees, a lasting period of behavior that is different from usual, increased sexual drive, abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol, and sleeping medications; provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behavior; denial that anything is wrong<\/li>\n<li>Manic episode is diagnosed if elevated mood occurs with 3 or more of the other symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for 1 week or longer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa If mood is irritable, 4 additional symptoms must be present \uf0a7 <strong>Hypomania<\/strong>\u00ad mild to moderate level of mania<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Severe episodes of mania\/depression include symptoms of psychosis\u00ad lose touch with reality<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Various mood states in bipolar disorder are a continuum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Schizophrenia<\/strong>\u00ad group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior.\n<ul>\n<li>Individual withdraws from people and reality\u00ad fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations<\/li>\n<li>Most chronic\/disabling of severe mental illnesses o ~ 1% of population worldwide\u00ad men and women equally\n<ul>\n<li>Earlier in men\u00ad late teens to early twenties<\/li>\n<li>Women generally affected in twenties to early thirties o Symptoms:<\/li>\n<li><strong>Perceptual<\/strong>\u00ad senses may be either enhanced or blunted<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Hallucinations<\/strong>\u00ad sensory perceptions that occur without external stimulus<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Auditory is most common in US<\/li>\n<li>Very rarely may hurt others because of symptoms\u00ad most are not violent and withdraw and prefer to be left alone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0a7 <strong>Language and thought<\/strong>\u00ad words lose their usual meanings, logic is impaired, thoughts may be disorganized and bizarre<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Word salad<\/strong>\u00ad jumble of extremely incoherent speech<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Neogolisms<\/strong>\u00ad made up words<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Delusions<\/strong>\u00ad mistaken beliefs maintained in spite of strong evidence to contrary and are not explained by a person\u2019s usual cultural concepts<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Paranoia<\/strong>\u00ad false, irrational beliefs maintained in spite of strong evidence to contrary<\/li>\n<li><strong>Delusions of grandeur<\/strong>\u00ad believe they are famous or important person<\/li>\n<li><strong>Delusions of Reference<\/strong>\u00ad unrelated events gain a special significance<\/li>\n<li><strong>Emotional Disturbances<\/strong>\u00ad range from exaggerated emotions to <strong>Blunted or Flat affect<\/strong>\u00ad severe reduction in emotional expressiveness<\/li>\n<li><strong>Behavioral disturbances<\/strong>\u00ad unusual actions that may have special meaning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Tardive dyskinesia<\/strong>\u00ad repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Due to medications\u00adirreversible o May include grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing, rapid eye blinking<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Cataleptic<\/strong>\u00ad assuming uncomfortable stances for a long period of time<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa <strong>Waxy flexibility<\/strong>\u00ad describes how a person\u2019s arms will remain frozen in a particular position if they are moved by someone else<\/p>\n<p>o Causes\u00ad not one single cause<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inherited<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Close relatives are more likely to develop it than people who have no relatives with the illness<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemical defect in brain<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa NT\u00ad especially dopamine (reward system) and glutamate (remember new information)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physical Abnormality in Brain<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0fa Structure\u00ad larger ventricles\u00ad cause\/effect<\/p>\n<p>\uf0fa Function\u00ad increased\/decreased activity in several regions<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0Dissociative disorders <\/u><\/strong>\u00ad resulting from avoidance of painful memories or situations<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Child may resort to \u201cgoing away\u201d during traumatic effect\u00ad due to extreme, repeated physical, sexual, or emotional abuse<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dissociative Fugue<\/strong>\u00ad involves a sudden loss of memory and assumption of a new ID in a new locale o Unclear if there is a back story<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dissociative amnesia<\/strong>\u00ad sudden loss of memory<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dissociative identity disorder<\/strong>\u00ad presence of 2 or more distinct personality systems in same individual at different times<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Personality Disorders<\/u><\/strong>\u00ad inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Antisocial Personality disorder<\/strong>\u00ad lack of conscience o Symptoms: use other people to get what they want; breaks the law repeatedly; lies, steals, fights often; disregards the safety of self and others; demonstrates a lack of guilt; had a childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Cause in unknown, but a combination of genetic factors and child abuse are believed to contribute to development<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7 <strong>Diathesis stress model<\/strong>\u00ad genetics predisposed but encouraged by environmental factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Borderline personality disorder<\/strong>\u00ad mood instability and poor self image<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Symptoms: difficulty maintaining relationships\u00adserial monogamy; codependency for sense of happiness; self injurious\u00ad cut, burn; high rates of alcohol, drug use\u00ad self medicate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0Abnormal Behavior \u00ad patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological (diseased or disordered) Identifying Abnormal Behavior o Statistical Infrequency \u00adhow rare\/unusual something is Cannot be only defining characteristic&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/introduction-to-psychology\/psychological-disorders\/\">Continue Reading<span> Psychological Disorders<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[99],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3913"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3913"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3913\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4753,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3913\/revisions\/4753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3913"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3913"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3913"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}