{"id":3950,"date":"2018-07-22T21:18:18","date_gmt":"2018-07-23T01:18:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3950"},"modified":"2019-05-25T21:20:55","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T01:20:55","slug":"sampling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/research-methods-in-psychology\/sampling\/","title":{"rendered":"Sampling"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><u>Population: <\/u>group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study<\/li>\n<li><u>Sample: <\/u>the group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research study<\/li>\n<li><u>Sampling error: <\/u>the difference between the observations in a population and in the sample that represents the population in a study<\/li>\n<li><u>Probability sample: <\/u>chosen with a specific probability o Probability of population is known<\/li>\n<li><u>Convenience\/Purposive Sample: <\/u>that the probability of an individual being chosen cannot be determined<\/li>\n<li><u>Simple random: <\/u>each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected o Students are chosen randomly from list of all student at a university o Reduces sampling error<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Difficult to ensure that each member of a large population can be chosen in a sample<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u> Cluster: <\/u>a subset of clusters is randomly chosen to sample from o Identifying all hospitals in different areas of the US and then randomly choosing 10 hospitals to sample from<\/li>\n<li>Makes it easier to choose members from smaller clusters<\/li>\n<li>Can ignore segments of the population that are not in the clusters chosen for the sample<\/li>\n<li><u> Stratified random: <\/u>proportion of the group in a sample is equal to that of the population o Registered voters are randomly selected from a list of Democrats and Republicans to equal the proportion of registered Democrats and Republicans in the US<\/li>\n<li>Reduces bias<\/li>\n<li>Can be difficult to ensure equal probability of being chosen from a large population<\/li>\n<li><u>Convenience\/Purposive samples: <\/u>probability of choosing an individual in the population is NOT known<\/li>\n<li><u>Haphazard\/volunteer: <\/u>based on convenience and on who volunteers o Sample is chosen from students who volunteer to complete and extra credit assignment o Easier to obtain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o May not represent the population properly due to selection bias<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u> Quota: <\/u>the proportion of a group in the sample is equal to that in the population<\/li>\n<li>Volunteers are recruited from students in a psychology course such that the gender breakdown in the sample is the same as the gender breakdown of all students at the school<\/li>\n<li>Allows for better representation of a characteristic<\/li>\n<li>May not represent the population properly due to selection bias because random sampling is not used<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Chapter Summary:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In <u>probability samples<\/u>, the probability of an individual being chosen from the population is known, and participants are chosen randomly from the population.<\/li>\n<li><u>Convenience samples <\/u>, the probability of an individual being chosen is not known, and the participants are chosen in a non random matter<\/li>\n<li><u>Probability samples <\/u>are typically more representative of the population and have less sampling error<\/li>\n<li><u>Convenience samples <\/u>is used when a population is too large to allow all individuals to be identified for sampling<\/li>\n<li><u>The internet <\/u>is a useful tool for recruiting a representative sample that may be larger than a sample that is recruited in person<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Questions:\n<ol>\n<li>In a _________ sample, individuals are chosen at random from the population, but are chosen in proportions equivalent to proportions that exist in the population \uf0a7<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ans: Stratified random<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li>In a _________ sample, individuals who volunteer from the population are chose for the sample<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ans: Haphazard<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>The difference in observations between the population and the sample \uf0a7<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ans: Sampling error<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>The ____________ is the group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about, whereas a ______________ is the group of individuals who serve as subjects in a study \uf0a7<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ans: Population; sample<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>In a _________ sample, all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ans: Simple random sample<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>A biased sample will lower the ___________ of the study<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ans: Validity<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Population: group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study Sample: the group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/research-methods-in-psychology\/sampling\/\">Continue Reading<span> Sampling<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[100],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3950"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3950"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3950\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4738,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3950\/revisions\/4738"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3950"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3950"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3950"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}