{"id":3966,"date":"2018-07-22T21:31:31","date_gmt":"2018-07-23T01:31:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3966"},"modified":"2018-11-02T00:53:27","modified_gmt":"2018-11-02T04:53:27","slug":"the-nuts-and-bolts-of-using-statistics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/research-methods-in-psychology\/the-nuts-and-bolts-of-using-statistics\/","title":{"rendered":"The Nuts and Bolts of Using Statistics"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><u>Critical region: <\/u>the most extreme portion of a distribution of statistical values for the null hypothesis, determined by the alpha level o If our calculated statistic falls in the most extreme position of this distribution (critical region) then we have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative<\/li>\n<li><u>Significant Test: <\/u>the p value is less than or equal to alpha in an inferential test, and the null can be rejected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Significant because we have rejected the null hypothesis<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>T test: <\/u>significance test used to compare means o<u> One sample t test <\/u>: used when the population mean without a treatment is known and is being compared with a sample mean that represents the population with a treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o<u> Independent samples t test <\/u>: used when two samples of difference individuals are compared<\/p>\n<p>\uf0a7 Each sample represents the population for that group or condition o<u> Repeated measures t test <\/u>: If two related samples or two sets of scores from the same individual are compared, this test is used<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Homogeneity of Variances: <\/u>assumption of between\u00adsubject t\u00adtests and ANOVAs that the variance in the scores in the population is equal across groups<\/li>\n<li><u>Main effect: <\/u>test of the differences between all means for each level of an IV in an ANOVA o ANOVA tests main effects separately<\/li>\n<li><u>Post Hoc Tests: <\/u>additional significance tests conducted to determine which means are significantly different for a main effect o Used to determine which means are different<\/li>\n<li><u>Interaction Effect: <\/u>test the effect of one IV at each level of another IV in an ANOVA<\/li>\n<li><u>Sphericity Assumption: <\/u>assumption of the repeated measures (within subjects) ANOVA that pairs of scores in the population have equal variance o Assumes that pairs of scores in the population have similar variability o F statistic needs to be adjusted to retain accuracy of the test<\/li>\n<li><u>Chi Square Test: <\/u>a significance test used to determine if a relationship exists between two variables measured on nominal and ordinal scales o Used for nominal and ordinal data<\/li>\n<li><u>Pearson r test: <\/u>significance test used to determine if a linear relationship exists between 2 variables measured on interval or ratio scales o Used for interval and ratio data<\/li>\n<li><u>Linear Regression <\/u>: determines the best fit line to a set of data to allow prediction of the score on one variable from the score on another variable o Tests how well the data fit in a straight line<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3967\" src=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/ch14.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"896\" height=\"724\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Critical region: the most extreme portion of a distribution of statistical values for the null hypothesis, determined by the alpha level o If our calculated statistic falls in the&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/research-methods-in-psychology\/the-nuts-and-bolts-of-using-statistics\/\">Continue Reading<span> The Nuts and Bolts of Using Statistics<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[100],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3966"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3966"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3966\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3966"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3966"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3966"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}