{"id":3978,"date":"2018-07-27T14:14:25","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T18:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3978"},"modified":"2019-05-26T00:29:50","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T04:29:50","slug":"the-self","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/the-self\/","title":{"rendered":"The Self"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spotlight effect<\/strong>– belief that others are paying more attention to one\u2019s appearance and behavior than they really are<\/p>\n

Illusion of transparency-<\/strong> Illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others<\/p>\n

Self-Concept- <\/strong>A person\u2019s answer to the question, \u201cWho am I?\u201d<\/p>\n

Schema-<\/strong> Mental templates by which we organize our worlds<\/p>\n

Self-schema-<\/strong> Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information<\/p>\n

Independent Self-<\/strong> Concept of giving priority to one\u2019s own goals over group goals and defining one\u2019s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group (Western cultures)<\/p>\n

Interdependent Self-<\/strong> Giving priority to the goals of one\u2019s groups and defining one\u2019s identity accordingly (Eastern cultures: Asian, African, and<\/p>\n

Central and South American Cultures)<\/p>\n

Over-justification effect-<\/strong> To avoid use performance-contingent rewards (these provide info and positive feedback rather than task-contingent reward)<\/p>\n

Self-handicapping- <\/strong>Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves (in advance of a poor performance) types: 1. Behaviorally creating obstacles<\/p>\n

(drinking all night) 2.Citing verbal excuses (Tired)<\/p>\n

Learned helplessness-<\/strong> Negative event\/situation; External locus of control; Results in hopelessness and depression; Can be overcome by practicing self-control activities (time management; exercise)<\/p>\n

Self-concept:<\/strong> the content of the self, known aspects, our knowledge about who we are; self-schema; malleable What determines our self-concept?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Roles we play- new roles begin as play-acting then become reality<\/li>\n
  2. Social Identities we form- we compare ourselves with others and consider how we differ (tend to compare upward; can diminish satisfaction)<\/li>\n
  3. Comparisons we make with others<\/li>\n
  4. Our successes and failures- Our daily experiences cause us to have empowerment or low self-esteem<\/li>\n
  5. How other people judge us- Looking-glass self; how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves 6. Surrounding culture<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    What influences how we define our sense of self?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Development\n
        \n
      • Childhood-concrete self-concept\n
          \n
        • Finite characteristics (hair color)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
        • Adulthood- abstract self-concept\n
            \n
          • Psychological states (e.g. thoughts and feelings)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • Culture\n
              \n
            • Western\n
                \n
              • Independent (a way of defining oneself in terms of one\u2019s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
              • Eastern\n
                  \n
                • Interdependent (A way of defining oneself in terms of one\u2019s relationships to other people)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                • Gender\n
                    \n
                  • Women\n
                      \n
                    • Relational interdependence (focuses on close relationships)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                    • Men\n
                        \n
                      • Collective interdependence (focus is on memberships in larger groups)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Purpose of the Self<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Self-knowledge: organizes information about ourselves; use this information to understand and predict future behaviors<\/li>\n
                        2. Self-control: the self in action; our sense of self enables us to pursue our goals; makes choices concerning our present and future behavior; to maintain our objective s in the face of obstacles, we must exert selfcontrol; regulates our behavior and choices in optimal ways (thought suppression)<\/li>\n
                        3. Self-presentation: the presentation of who we are, or who we want people to believe we are, to others; management occurs when we consciously or unconsciously orchestrate a carefully designed presentation of self to fit a particular goal or need in a social interaction; differs from culture to culture (Japanese wedding and funeral guest rentals)<\/li>\n
                        4. Self-justification<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          How do we gain self-knowledge?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          Introspection- looking inward and examining your thoughts, feelings, and motives<\/p>\n

                          Problems:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Infrequency of introspection- over 100 participant with huge age variation<\/li>\n
                          2. Information gained through introspection- appropriate information may not be accessible; information gained may not be accurate Accuracy:<\/li>\n
                          3. Many mental processes occur outside of awareness; often only aware of result, not the process<\/li>\n
                          4. Experimental study- researchers asked a group of college students to record their mood every day for five weeks- mood predicting variables has no affect on mood Consequences:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n