{"id":3988,"date":"2018-07-27T14:31:54","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T18:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3988"},"modified":"2018-11-02T00:53:12","modified_gmt":"2018-11-02T04:53:12","slug":"aggression","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/aggression\/","title":{"rendered":"Aggression"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Defining Aggression<\/li>\n<li>physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm<\/li>\n<li>Types of Aggression<\/li>\n<li>hostile aggression<\/li>\n<li><em>driven by anger and performed as an end in itself<\/em>* instrumental aggression<\/li>\n<li><em>aggression that is a means to some other end<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Theories of Aggression<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Three general categories<\/li>\n<li>Biological<\/li>\n<li>Behavioral<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Theories of Aggression: Biological<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Instinct theory and evolutionary psychology<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species<\/li>\n<li><em>buss, 2004 argues that aggression is genetically programmed into men to enable them to perpetuate their genes<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Neural influences<\/li>\n<li>abnormal brains can contribute to abnormally aggressive behavior<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Amygdala- brain structure associated with aggressive behaviors<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Biochemical influences<\/li>\n<li>Alcohol<\/li>\n<li><em>depresses social inhibitions<\/em><\/li>\n<li>testosterone<\/li>\n<li>low serotonin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Theories of Aggression: Behavioral<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Frustration-aggression theory<\/li>\n<li>aggression as a response to frustration, frustration triggers a readiness to aggress<\/li>\n<li><em>frustration <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>* blocking of goal-directed behavior<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>example Barker, Dembo, and Lewin (1941)<\/li>\n<li><em>kept a group of children waiting in a room filled with toys that were not within their reach<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>when they finally got to play with them, they played much more destructively than did the control group <\/em><\/li>\n<li>problem with this theory: explains the hostile aggression, not instrumental aggression<\/li>\n<li>Relative deprivation<\/li>\n<li>perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself <em>explains why happiness tends to be lower and crime rates higher in communities and nations with large income inequality<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Theories of Aggression: Cognitive<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aggression as Learned Social Behavior<\/li>\n<li>rewards of aggression<\/li>\n<li><em>through experience and by observing others being rewarded we learn that aggression often pays<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>e. operant conditioning<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Observational Learning<\/li>\n<li>social learning theory<\/li>\n<li><em>we learn social behavior by observing and imitating<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Family<\/strong>*<strong> Culture<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Influences on Aggression<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two general categories<\/li>\n<li>Biological<\/li>\n<li>Social<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Influences on Aggression: Biological <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Physical pain<\/li>\n<li>Berkowitz(1983, 1988) showed that students who had their arms immersed in ice water until they felt pain showed a sharp increase in their likelihood of aggressing<\/li>\n<li>Other bodily discomforts<\/li>\n<li>heat, humidity, air pollution, offensive odors*<em> Griffitt and Veitch (1971) study manipulated the temperature of a room while students were taking a test<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>results<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>self-ratings showed an increase in aggression and hostility towards a stranger they were asked to rate when in the hot room<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Arousal<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a given state of bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another depending on how the person interprets and labels the arousal<\/li>\n<li>Schacter and Singers two factor theory of emotion study<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Influences on Aggression: Social<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pornography and Sexual Violence<\/li>\n<li>studies confirm that exposure to pornography increase acceptance of the rape myth * repeated exposure to erotic films featuring quick, uncommitted sex also tends to<\/li>\n<li><em>decrease attraction for one\u2019s partner<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>increase acceptance of extramarital sec and of women&#8217;s sexual submission to man<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Increase men perceiving women in sexual terms <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Television<\/li>\n<li>frequent result of correlating children&#8217;s TV viewing with aggressiveness is the more violent the content the more aggressive the child<\/li>\n<li>why<\/li>\n<li><em>arousal levels<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>desensitization to violence<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>imitation<\/em><\/li>\n<li>caveat<\/li>\n<li><em>correlational research it may be that violent individuals <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Video Games<\/li>\n<li>there has been a steady increase in the violence portrayed in video games<\/li>\n<li>similar to television, video games may<\/li>\n<li><em>increase arousal <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>increases aggressive thinking increases aggressive feelings<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>increases aggressive behaviors<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>decreases pro social behaviors<\/em><\/li>\n<li>similar caveat to television<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Reducing Aggression<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catharsis Theory: Freud Psychoanalytic theory<\/li>\n<li>more than just \u201cblowing off steam\u201d or \u201cgetting it out of your system\u201d<\/li>\n<li>aggression can be reduced by<\/li>\n<li><em>performing an aggressive act <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>watching others engage in aggressive behavior<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>engaging in fantasy aggression <\/em><\/li>\n<li>many studies suggest that this actually increases aggression rather than decreasing it<\/li>\n<li>A Social Learning Approach<\/li>\n<li>controlling aggression by counteracting the factors that provoke it<\/li>\n<li><em>reducing aversive stimulation<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>rewarding no aggression<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>modeling nonaggression <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>afflicting reactions incompatible with aggression<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Defining Aggression physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm Types of Aggression hostile aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself* instrumental aggression aggression that&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/aggression\/\">Continue Reading<span> Aggression<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[102],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3988"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}