{"id":3989,"date":"2018-07-27T14:30:36","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T18:30:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3989"},"modified":"2019-05-26T00:28:30","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T04:28:30","slug":"prejudice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/prejudice\/","title":{"rendered":"Prejudice"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Prejudice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining <strong>Prejudice<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members<\/li>\n<li>Individual members are judged solely on their group membership<\/li>\n<li>Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people<\/li>\n<li>Supported by stereotypes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Types of Prejudice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Racism<\/li>\n<li>Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race<\/li>\n<li>Sexism<\/li>\n<li>Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Components of Prejudice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two components of Prejudice<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive Component: the attitude<\/li>\n<li><em>Stereotype<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Behavioral Component: the behavior<\/li>\n<li><em>Discrimination<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Stereotypes: Cognitive Component<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining <strong>Stereotype<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members<\/li>\n<li>Can be either positive, negative or neutral<\/li>\n<li>A type of cognitive shortcut- heuristic<\/li>\n<li>Stereotypes are\/do not necessarily<\/li>\n<li>Emotional<\/li>\n<li>Lead to discrimination* Falsely founded<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em><u>Example of a Stereotype<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gender Stereotype<\/li>\n<li>Women are seen as more nurturing and less assertive than men<\/li>\n<li><em>Evolutionary psychologists argue that the difference is due to a basis in the behaviors required for reproductive success<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>* Stereotype that has some basis of truth<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Discrimination: Behavioral Component<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining <strong>Discrimination<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>An unjustified negative or harmful action towards a member of a group, simply because of his or her membership in that group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Inducing Prejudice \u2013 Real World Experiment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>School teacher Jane Elliott<\/li>\n<li>Divided her class according to eye color<\/li>\n<li><em>Blue and brown<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Those children with blue eyes were given preferential treatment and told they were superior to the brown eyed children<\/li>\n<li>Results (less than 30 minutes later)<\/li>\n<li>Blue- eyed children<\/li>\n<li><em>Began taunting and criticizing the brown-eyed children<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Brown-eyed children<\/li>\n<li><em>Lowered self-esteem and lower academic performance that day<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Explaining Prejudice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two explanations<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive Explanation<\/li>\n<li>Prejudice and Economic Competition: Realistic Conflict Theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Prejudice: Cognitive Explanation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cognitive Explanation<\/li>\n<li>Byproduct of categorization, schemas, and heuristics<\/li>\n<li><em>How prejudice arises<\/em>* Faulty Memory Processes\/Problems Processing Information<\/li>\n<li><em>How prejudice persists<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Categorization, Schemas and Heuristics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How they work<\/li>\n<li>Processes that extract information from our environment<\/li>\n<li>Information is then used to create categories* Once categories are formed, this information is used to put things (people, events, objects) into aforementioned categories<\/li>\n<li>These processes allow <strong>Social Categorization<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Social Categorization<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Social categorization follows those same steps with individuals* However, due to the complexity of an individual it is difficult to create categories that both separate individuals and do not overlap<\/li>\n<li><em>e. person doesn\u2019t belong to more than one category, categories are distinct from one another <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Result<\/li>\n<li><em>In-group bias and out-group homogeneity bias <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>In-Group Bias<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining In-Group Bias<\/li>\n<li>Two parts<\/li>\n<li><em>Positive feelings and special treatment we reserve for people we have <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>defined as being part of our in-group<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Negative feelings and unfair treatment we reserve for others simply because we have defined them as being in the out-groups (groups which an individual does not identify with) <\/em><\/li>\n<li>May be due to self-esteem maintenance (Tajfel)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Out-Group Homogeneity Bias<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining Out-Group Homogeneity Bias<\/li>\n<li>The perception that those in the out-group are more similar (homogenous) to each other than they really are<\/li>\n<li>Example<\/li>\n<li>Cross race effects in eye witness identification<\/li>\n<li><em>Numerous studies have found significantly more false identifications when the \u201cwitness\u201d is identifying someone of a differing race.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Prejudice: Cognitive Explanation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cognitive Explanation<\/li>\n<li>Byproduct of categorization, schemas, and heuristics<\/li>\n<li><em>How prejudice arises<\/em>* Faulty Memory Processes\/Problems Processing Information<\/li>\n<li><em>How prejudice persists<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Faulty Memory Processes\/Problems Processing Information<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two main reasons prejudices persist<\/li>\n<li>It is primarily the emotional aspect of attitudes that makes a prejudiced person hard to argue with (i.e. illogical)<\/li>\n<li>Firmly established schema for the target group(s)<\/li>\n<li><em>leads them to pay attention to (and therefore recall)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>information consistent with their beliefs <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><em>leads you to ignore (and therefore forget)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>information inconsistent with their beliefs<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Explaining Prejudice<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Two explanations<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cognitive Explanation<\/li>\n<li>Prejudice and Economic Competition: Realistic Conflict Theory<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Prejudice: Realistic Conflict Theory<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Realistic conflict theory<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>limited resources theory lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination<\/li>\n<li><em>several historical studies document that discrimination against out-groups correlates with the scarcity of jobs or other resources<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Realistic Conflict Theory: Sheriff et. al (1961)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Robber\u2019s Cave\u201d experiment<\/li>\n<li>Methods<\/li>\n<li>created two groups of 12 year old boys at a summer camp<\/li>\n<li><em>eagles and rattlers<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Three phases<\/li>\n<li><em>groups were isolated and placed in situations designed to increase group cohesiveness<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>groups were brought together to participate in a series competitive activities<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>hostilities escalated<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><em>researchers tried to eliminate hostility by eliminating the games and increasing between-group contact<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>unsuccessful<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ways to Reduce Prejudice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contact Hypothesis<\/li>\n<li>merely bringing members of different groups into contact with each other will erode prejudice<\/li>\n<li><em>somewhat unsuccessful<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>e. desegregation <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ways to Reduce Prejudice: Contact Hypothesis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allport (1954) six required conditions<\/li>\n<li>Mutual interdependence<\/li>\n<li><em>situations where two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other in order to accomplish a goal<\/em><\/li>\n<li>A common goal that is important to both of them<\/li>\n<li>Equal status of group members<\/li>\n<li>Having informal interpersonal contact<\/li>\n<li>Multiple contacts with several members of the out-group so that individuals can learn that their beliefs are wrong<\/li>\n<li>Social norms in place that promote equality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prejudice Defining Prejudice Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members Individual members are judged solely on their group membership Beliefs about the personal attributes of a&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/prejudice\/\">Continue Reading<span> Prejudice<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[102],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3989"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3989"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3989\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4913,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3989\/revisions\/4913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3989"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3989"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3989"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}