{"id":3994,"date":"2018-07-27T14:34:58","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T18:34:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=3994"},"modified":"2018-11-02T00:53:07","modified_gmt":"2018-11-02T04:53:07","slug":"helping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/helping\/","title":{"rendered":"Helping"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Terms<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prosocial behavior<\/li>\n<li>Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person<\/li>\n<li>Altruism<\/li>\n<li>The desire to help another person even if it involves some personal cost to the helper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Do We Help?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Three theoretical categories<\/li>\n<li>Evolutionary Theories<\/li>\n<li>e. Genetic Factors * Social Exchange Theories<\/li>\n<li>e. Desire to \u2191 rewards and \u2193costs * Empathy and Altrusim<\/li>\n<li>e. Pure Motive for Helping<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Do We Help: Evolution<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kin selection<\/li>\n<li>Behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection<\/li>\n<li>The Reciprocity Norm<\/li>\n<li>The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future<\/li>\n<li>Sociobiologists &#8211; Survival correlated with developing relationships based on this norm<\/li>\n<li>Learning Social Norms<\/li>\n<li>Those who are the best learners of societal norms have a competitive advantage (Simon, 1990)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Do We Help: Social Exchange<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Social Exchange Theory<\/li>\n<li>Behavior stems from the desire to maximize rewards and minimize costs<\/li>\n<li>How helping is rewarding<\/li>\n<li>Increase probability others will help us<\/li>\n<li>Relieve bystander distress<\/li>\n<li>Gain social approval and increase self-worth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Do We Help: Empathy and Altruism<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Empathy and Altruism Hypothesis (Batson)<\/li>\n<li>Empathy leads to helping, regardless of costs or reward (altruism); no empathy results in behavior in accord with social exchange theory<\/li>\n<li>Toi and Batson (1982)<\/li>\n<li>Methods<\/li>\n<li>Taped interview, student with two broken legs<\/li>\n<li>IV\u2019s: Instructions (empathetic vs non-empathetic) and cost of helping (high or low)<\/li>\n<li>DV: Help<\/li>\n<li>Results<\/li>\n<li>Empathetic helped when cost was either high or low<\/li>\n<li>Non-empathetic helped only when cost was low<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Theoretical Issues<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Evolutionary<\/li>\n<li>Difficulty explaining why people sometimes help complete strangers * Social Exchange<\/li>\n<li>Social exchange theory presumes that people help only when the rewards outweigh the costs.<\/li>\n<li>Thus social exchange theory presumes that there is no pure altruism.<\/li>\n<li>Empathy and Altruism<\/li>\n<li>Empathy may increase the cost of not helping<\/li>\n<li>Lowers distress over seeing someone suffer<\/li>\n<li>More in line with social exchange<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Factors That Influence Helping Behaviors<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Environmental<\/li>\n<li>Rural Vs Urban<\/li>\n<li>Weather<\/li>\n<li>Bystander Effect * Individual<\/li>\n<li>Personality<\/li>\n<li>Gender<\/li>\n<li>Culture<\/li>\n<li>Mood<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Factors That Influence Helping: Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rural Vs Urban<\/li>\n<li>People in rural environments show more helping behavior<\/li>\n<li>Weather<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Factors That Influence Helping: Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bystander Effect<\/li>\n<li>As number of bystanders \u2191, probability of help \u2193<\/li>\n<li>g. Kitty Genovese<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Factors That Influence Helping: Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bystander Effect &#8211; Darley &amp; Latan\u00e9, 1968<\/li>\n<li>Methods<\/li>\n<li>Intercom communication, confederate had a seizure<\/li>\n<li>IV: Number of participants there<\/li>\n<li>DV: Helping behavior, time to help<\/li>\n<li>Results<\/li>\n<li>As number of participants \u2191, helping \u2193and reaction time \u2191 (took longer to initiate helping behavior)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Factors That Influence Helping: Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bystander Effect &#8211; Explanation * Interpretation of the Event \u2013 people interpret events as innocuous when bystanders are present<\/li>\n<li>Pluralistic ignorance \u2013 look for others reactions (informational influence), interpret blank expressions as indicating no danger<\/li>\n<li>Diffusion of Responsibility<\/li>\n<li>Personal responsibility = Total responsibility\/ # of witnesses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ways To Increase Helping<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce Ambiguity, Increase Responsibility<\/li>\n<li>Personalizing bystanders<\/li>\n<li>Personal request<\/li>\n<li>Eye contact * Stating one\u2019s name<\/li>\n<li>Guilt and Concern for Self-Image<\/li>\n<li>Door-in-the-face technique<\/li>\n<li>Strategy for gaining a concession<\/li>\n<li>After someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request * Socializing Altruism<\/li>\n<li>Teaching moral inclusion<\/li>\n<li>Moral exclusion<\/li>\n<li>Perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness<\/li>\n<li>Moral inclusion<\/li>\n<li>Regarding others as within one\u2019s circle of moral concern<\/li>\n<li>Modeling altruism<\/li>\n<li>Prosocial TV models<\/li>\n<li>Learning by doing<\/li>\n<li>Helpful actions promote the self-perception that one is caring and helpful, which in turn promotes further helping<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Terms Prosocial behavior Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person Altruism The desire to help another person even if it involves some personal cost to the&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/helping\/\">Continue Reading<span> Helping<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[102],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3994"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3994"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3994\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3994"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3994"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3994"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}