{"id":4001,"date":"2018-07-27T14:50:00","date_gmt":"2018-07-27T18:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4001"},"modified":"2018-11-02T00:52:59","modified_gmt":"2018-11-02T04:52:59","slug":"social-psychology-and-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/social-psychology-and-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Social Psychology and Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Eyewitness Testimony<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Major role in whether a defendant is convicted<\/li>\n<li>No eyewitness testimony &#8211; conviction rate 18%; with eyewitness testimony &#8211; conviction rate 72%<\/li>\n<li>Problem<\/li>\n<li>Often incorrect<\/li>\n<li>DNA exoneration cases (Scheck, Neufeld, &amp; Dwyer, 2001)<\/li>\n<li>Includes<\/li>\n<li>Information concerning people<\/li>\n<li>Victim, perpetrator, other witnesses<\/li>\n<li>Information concerning the crime event<\/li>\n<li>Action sequence, includes what was said, what was done, and what was in the environment<\/li>\n<li>Why incorrect?<\/li>\n<li>Memory problem<\/li>\n<li>Must accurately report a lot of information<\/li>\n<li>Memory is not like a video<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two parts<\/li>\n<li>Encoding<\/li>\n<li>Information from our environment that is processed\/transferred into memory<\/li>\n<li>Retrieval<\/li>\n<li>Process of accessing stored memories<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Memory Problems: Eyewitness Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incomplete\/ Vague Memory * Poor memory for details<\/li>\n<li>Penny Study<\/li>\n<li>False Memory<\/li>\n<li>The Misinformation Effect (Loftus)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Memory Problems: Incomplete\/ Vague Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cPenny study\u201d (Nickerson, et al., 1979)<\/li>\n<li>Most people could not correctly identify a penny<\/li>\n<li>Very familiar object * Suggests that we do not encode all details (i.e., memory is not a photograph) * Encode useful details<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Memory Problems: False Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Misinformation Effect (Loftus)<\/li>\n<li>Incorporating \u201cmisinformation\u201d into one\u2019s memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Situation Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Witness a crime * Talk to other witnesses<\/li>\n<li>(E.g. did you see what type of gun was that he had? That tattoo on his neck looked like a dragon didn\u2019t it? I can\u2019t believe he threatened to stab the little girl. Etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Overhear police investigation<\/li>\n<li>Give statement to police<\/li>\n<li>Did he threaten any by standard with a weapon?<\/li>\n<li>Where there any distinguishing marks on his body?<\/li>\n<li>What did the gun look like?<\/li>\n<li>Hear news reports concerning the crime * Repeat information for friends, family etc.<\/li>\n<li>Provide the court with a personal statement<\/li>\n<li>Problem<\/li>\n<li>Only include information that YOU witnessed* Exclude information from<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other witnesses<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Police<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>News, Internet, newspapers<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Misinformation Effect Explanation<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Source Monitoring Framework (Johnson)<\/li>\n<li>Determining the origin of a memory<\/li>\n<li>Separate from memory for content<\/li>\n<li><strong>Did I hear this joke from Susie or Mark?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Did I take my morning pill or just think about doing so? <\/strong>* <strong>Did I learn that Brittney Murphy died from a TV show or the Internet<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Very difficult<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Memory Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eyewitness Testimony is very influential, but often incorrect<\/li>\n<li>Memory Problem<\/li>\n<li>Must recall information about the people and crime event<\/li>\n<li>Memory Basics<\/li>\n<li>Encoding- Learning* Retrieval- Remembering<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Memory\u00a0\u00a0 Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eyewitness Research \u2013 Two memory deficits * Memory can be incomplete\/lack detail<\/li>\n<li>Memory can be false<\/li>\n<li>Misinformation Effect<\/li>\n<li>Misinformation Effect<\/li>\n<li>Incorporating new information into an event that has transpired<\/li>\n<li>Why\/How<\/li>\n<li>Source Monitoring Framework<\/li>\n<li>Memories do not have tags telling you their origins<\/li>\n<li>Determining the source of a memory is a judgment process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenomena that affect eyewitness testimony * For events<\/li>\n<li>Guided Imagery<\/li>\n<li>Interrogation Wording<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013Guided Imagery<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Guided Imagery<\/li>\n<li>Therapist asks you to recall\/ or imagine specific circumstances<\/li>\n<li>Sexual and childhood abuse<\/li>\n<li>Problem<\/li>\n<li>May imagine events that never transpired<\/li>\n<li>Can lead to imagination inflation<\/li>\n<li>Imagination Inflation<\/li>\n<li>Imagining information increases the probability of reporting imaginary object or sequence of events as real<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Imagination Inflation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How\/ Why<\/li>\n<li>As you repeatedly imagine an object or event the following increases<\/li>\n<li># Of details<\/li>\n<li><strong>Perceptual, Semantic etc.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Vividness<\/li>\n<li>Familiarity<\/li>\n<li>This information increases the \u201cfeeling\u201d that this imagined object or event was real<\/li>\n<li>Source Monitoring Framework<\/li>\n<li>Note: Reading information, answering questions etc. require some level of imagery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Imagination Inflation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Research Examples<\/li>\n<li>Punch Bowl (Loftus)<\/li>\n<li>Lost in a shopping mall (Loftus)<\/li>\n<li>Enemas (Pezdek, Blandon-Gitlin, Lam, Hart, &amp; Schooler, 2006)<\/li>\n<li>Pamphlets vs. guided imagery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013\u201cEnema\u201d Study<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Interrogation Wording<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Traffic accident study \u2013 Speed (Loftus and Palmer, 1967)<\/li>\n<li>Methods<\/li>\n<li><em>Saw video of car accident<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Asked to report speed of car<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Manipulation: smashed, collided, bumped, hit or contacted<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility \u2013 Interrogation Wording<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Traffic accident study &#8211; Speed * Results<\/li>\n<li>Smashed: 40.8 miles an hour<\/li>\n<li>Contacted: 31.8 miles an hour<\/li>\n<li>Verb choice has biasing effects on participants\u2019 report<\/li>\n<li>Traffic accident study \u2013 Stop vs. Yield sign (Loftus and Hoffman, 1989)<\/li>\n<li>Methods<\/li>\n<li>Saw video of car accident<\/li>\n<li>Completed questionnaire \u2013 manipulated suggested information<\/li>\n<li><strong>What was the color of the car that stopped at the \u201cyield sign\u201d?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Traffic accident study \u2013 Stop vs. Yield sign * Methods cont. * Delay<\/li>\n<li>Final test<\/li>\n<li>Report memory of the video clip, not questionnaire * <strong>e. \u201cWhat was the sign\u201d?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Results<\/li>\n<li>Suggested information reduced accuracy<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recalled incorrect sign more often if exposed to yield sign misinformation<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Difficulty differentiating event information from information learned after the event<\/li>\n<li>Source monitoring error<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Method to reduce false memory and bias<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive Interview (Fisher)<\/li>\n<li>Used memory research findings to develop interview techniques for police<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors leading to inaccurate EW testimony<\/li>\n<li>Guided Imagery<\/li>\n<li>Imagining an event* <strong>May lead to imagination inflation, reporting imagined event as \u201creal\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Source monitoring explanation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Source monitoring error<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors leading to inaccurate EW testimony * Interrogation Wording<\/li>\n<li>May bias eyewitness reports<\/li>\n<li>Interrogation Wording<\/li>\n<li>False information, given during interrogation, may lead to false memory in eyewitness reports<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness Suggestibility Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Methods developed to reduce false memory and bias<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive Interview<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenomena that affect eyewitness identification<\/li>\n<li>High physiological arousal<\/li>\n<li>Cross Race Effect<\/li>\n<li>Lineup Procedure<\/li>\n<li>Sequential\/ Simultaneous\/ Show up<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Research: Physiological Arousal<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Survival school training (Morgan, et al. 2004)<\/li>\n<li>Subjected to conditions similar to P.O.W.s<\/li>\n<li>Food and sleep deprivation for 48 hours followed by interrogation<\/li>\n<li>Methods<\/li>\n<li>Two instructors \u2013 \u201cguard\u201d and \u201cinterrogator\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Each person received a High (physical) and Low stress interrogation<\/li>\n<li>24 hours later, asked to identify their interrogator and guard<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Research: Physiological Arousal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Research: Cross Race Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meissner \u2013 Cross Race Effects (CRE)<\/li>\n<li>ID accuracy \uf0ea when witness race \u2260 perp race<\/li>\n<li>Why<\/li>\n<li><em>Encoding problem<\/em>* <strong>Certain facial features are more diagnostic for some races then others <\/strong><\/li>\n<li>g. color (skin, hair, eye) vs. size (nose, mouth, eyes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Research: Lineup Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Previous Research<\/li>\n<li>Show up VS Simultaneous VS Sequential<\/li>\n<li>Show up- clearly worse lineup procedure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Research: Lineup Procedure<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Simultaneous VS Sequential * Previous research \u2013 Wells, Lindsay etc. * Sequential Lineup Advantage<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eliminates identifications based on \u201cbest match\u201d<\/strong>* Current research &#8211; Gronlund, Lane, Clark etc.<\/li>\n<li><em>Sequential Lineup \u2013 Conservative Shift<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Simultaneous Lineup \u2013 Liberal Shift<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors that affect identification accuracy<\/li>\n<li>Physiological arousal (Stress)<\/li>\n<li><em>Survival school<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Stress led to decreases in correct identifications<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Despite 1) interrogations lasted 30 minutes or longer,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2) nothing and no one else in the room 3) constant interaction<\/p>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors that affect identification accuracy<\/li>\n<li>Cross Race Effect (CRE)<\/li>\n<li><em>Accuracy decreases when witness and perpetrators races do not match<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Encoding problem<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Consider \u201cPenny study\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eyewitness ID Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Factors that affect identification accuracy<\/li>\n<li>Lineup Procedure<\/li>\n<li>Show up \u2013 worst identification\/ most inaccuracies<\/li>\n<li><em>Simultaneous and Sequential \u2013 Differ in willingness to \u201cchoose\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eyewitness Testimony Major role in whether a defendant is convicted No eyewitness testimony &#8211; conviction rate 18%; with eyewitness testimony &#8211; conviction rate 72% Problem Often incorrect DNA exoneration&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/social-psychology\/social-psychology-and-law\/\">Continue Reading<span> Social Psychology and Law<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[102],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4001"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4001"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4001\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}