{"id":4201,"date":"2018-09-18T17:20:37","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T21:20:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4201"},"modified":"2019-05-26T00:14:32","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T04:14:32","slug":"sexual-disorders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/abnormal-psychology\/sexual-disorders\/","title":{"rendered":"Sexual Disorders"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Sexual dysfunctions<\/strong> = persistent disruptions in the ability to experience sexual arousal, desire or orgasms, or pain associated with intercourse<\/li>\n<li><strong>Paraphilic disorders<\/strong> = persistent and troubling attractions to unusual sexual activities or objects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Sexual Norms and Behaviour<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibition of sexual expression is seen as a problem<\/li>\n<li>Used to be that excessive masturbation in childhood widely believed to lead to sexual problems in adulthood o Victorian view \u2013 sexual appetite is dangerous and must be restrained<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Corn Flakes and Graham Crackers were developed as foods that would lessen sexual interest (failed to do so)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>New easy accessibility to sexual content using technology<\/li>\n<li>Newer STIs related to increased risk with sexual activity<\/li>\n<li>Newfound emphasis on right to a good sex life until the day one dies *increasing array of medications to promote this<\/li>\n<li>Culture influences attitudes and beliefs: important part of well-being vs. for procreation only<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gender and Sexuality<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Men report more engagement in sexual thought and behaviour than women o More thinking about sex, masturbating, and desiring sex more often<\/li>\n<li>Women tend to be more ashamed of any flaws in their appearance, can interfere with sexual satisfaction<\/li>\n<li>For women sexuality is more closely tied to relationship status *less sexual drive and masturbating when not in relationship<\/li>\n<li>More than half of women with sexual dysfunction believe it is caused by relationship problems<\/li>\n<li>Men think about their sexuality in terms of power<\/li>\n<li>Primary motivation for having sex: sexual attraction and physical gratification<\/li>\n<li>Women are much more likely to report symptoms of sexual disorders<\/li>\n<li>Men are much more likely to meet criteria for Paraphilic disorder The Sexual Response Cycle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1) <strong>Desire phase<\/strong> = sexual interest or desire, often associated with sexually arousing fantasies or thoughts<\/p>\n<p>2) <strong>Excitement phase<\/strong> = men and women experience increased blood flow to genitalia (produces erection in male penis &amp; enlargement of breasts &amp; increased lubrication in female vagina)<\/p>\n<p>3) <strong>Orgasm phase<\/strong> = sexual pleasure peaks, male ejaculation almost always occurs, in women the outer walls of the vagina contract (general muscle tension)<\/p>\n<p>4) <strong>Resolution phase<\/strong> = relaxation and sense of well-being that usually follows orgasm o Men \u2013 associated refractory period during which further erection isn\u2019t possible o Women often able to respond again immediately<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Many women report that desire and excitement co-occur and cannot be made distinct<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vaginal plethysmograph<\/strong> = used to measure women\u2019s physiological arousal o Amount of blood flow has little correlation to subjective level or desire\/excitement<\/li>\n<li><strong> Sexual Dysfunctions <\/strong>(SD) Clinical Descriptions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0b7 Symptoms must last at least <strong>6 months<\/strong> (common to have for just a month) \uf0b7 3 categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> Involving sexual desire, arousal, and interest <\/strong>(low sex drive)<\/li>\n<li>Women: <strong>female sexual interest\/arousal disorder <\/strong><strong>o <\/strong>1) Diminished, absent or reduced frequency of at least 3 of the following:\n<ul>\n<li>Interest in sexual activity, erotic thoughts\/fantasies, initiation of sexual activity &amp; responsiveness to partner\u2019s attempts to initiate, sexual excitement\/pleasure during 75% of sexual encounters, sexual interest\/arousal elicited by any internal or external erotic cues, genital or non-genital sensations during 75% of sexual encounters<\/li>\n<li>Overall, deficits in sexual interest, biological arousal or subjective arousal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Men: <strong>male hypoactive sexual desire disorder <\/strong><strong>o <\/strong>1) Sexual fantasies and desires, as judged by clinician, are deficient or absent<\/li>\n<li>Men: <strong>erectile disorder <\/strong>o On at least 75% of sexual occasions:\n<ul>\n<li>1) Inability to attain an erections, or<\/li>\n<li>2) Inability to maintain an erection for completion of sexual activity, or<\/li>\n<li>3) Marked decrease in erectile rigidity interferes with penetration or pleasure o 13-28% rates o Prevalence increases with age (50% are 60+)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>More than 50% seeking treatment report low desire, women more likely than men to report<\/li>\n<li>2-4x more likely if post-menopausal *although older women are less likely to be distressed about it<\/li>\n<li>Women more concerned about lack of subjective desire *previously arousing stimuli no longer affective<\/li>\n<li>Often have normative biological arousal even with lack of subjective desire<\/li>\n<li>Dysfunction should be persistent and recurrent and should cause clinically significant distress or problems with functioning o Diagnosis not made if cause is entirely due to a medical illness (e.g. advanced diabetes) or other psyc disorder<\/li>\n<li>More women than men report symptoms of sexual dysfunction (43% vs. 31%)<\/li>\n<li>Clinical diagnosis not made unless symptoms cause distress\/impairment (only 11-23% of women) <strong> Orgasmic disorders<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Women: <strong>female orgasmic disorder <\/strong><strong>o <\/strong>On at least 75% of sexual occasions:<\/li>\n<li>1) Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, or<\/li>\n<li>2) Markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensation <strong>o<\/strong> 1\/3 of females report they do not consistently have orgasms with their partners<\/li>\n<li>Men: <strong>Premature ejaculation <\/strong><strong>o <\/strong>1) Tendency to ejaculate during partnered sexual activity within 1 minute of penile insertion on at least 75% of occasions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Delayed ejaculation <\/strong><strong>o <\/strong>1) Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm on t least 75% of sexual occasions <strong>o <\/strong>Least common<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>III. Sexual pain <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Women: <strong>Genito-pelvic pain\/penetration disorder <\/strong><strong>o <\/strong>Persistent or recurrent difficulties with at least one of the following:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1) Inability to have vaginal\/penetration during intercourse<\/p>\n<p>2) Marked vulvar, vaginal, or pelvic pain during vaginal penetration or intercourse attempts<\/p>\n<p>3) Marked fear or anxiety about pain or penetration<\/p>\n<p>4) Marked tensing of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration <strong>o Vaginismus<\/strong> = involuntary muscle spasms o the outer third of the vagina, making intercourse impossible<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Make sure pain is not caused by infection or lack of lubrication<\/li>\n<li>Can still have sexual arousal and reach orgasm from manual\/oral stimulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Etiology of Sexual Dysfunction <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 causes: fears about performance and adoption of spectator role<\/li>\n<li>Fears about performance \u2013 concerns with how one is performing during sex<\/li>\n<li>Spectator role \u2013 being an observer rather than a participant in a sexual experience<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Biological Factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Separate category for sexual dysfunctions caused by medical illness (diabetes, MS, spinal cord injury, heavy alcohol use before sex, heavy cigarette smoking)<\/li>\n<li>Can be caused by low levels of testosterone\/estrogen or high levels induced by anabolic steroids or testosterone supplements<\/li>\n<li>SSRIs and antihypertensive drugs have effects on sexual function:\n<ul>\n<li>Delayed orgasm, decreased libido, diminished lubrication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Erectile symptoms often elated to incipient vascular disorder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Psychosocial Factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Some sexual dysfunctions can be traced to rape\/sexual abuse o Childhood sexual abused associated with diminished arousal\/desire, and premature ejaculation in men<\/li>\n<li>For women \u2013 concerns about partner\u2019s affection correlated with sexual satisfaction<\/li>\n<li>Anxiety and anger, poor communication, embarrassment, fears<\/li>\n<li>Increased risk if have depression\/anxiety and panic disorder<\/li>\n<li>Anxiety\/depression comorbid with sexual pain<\/li>\n<li>Negative cognitions<\/li>\n<li>People who blame themselves for decreased sexual performance are more likely to develop dysfunction symptoms o Later experience diminished arousal <strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Begin by resolving any relationship problems \u2013 training in non-sexual communication skills and nonsexual issues o Difficulties with in-laws, child rearing<\/p>\n<p>Recommend planning romantic events together to restore closeness and intimacy<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Behavioural couples therapy especially effective for women<\/li>\n<li>Sensate focus \u2013 reestablish sexual intimacy through contact<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Anxiety Reduction and Psychoeducation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic desensitization and in vivo desensitization (begin with psychoeducation, then using small dilator, then larger)<\/li>\n<li>Psychoeducation \u2013 videos showing sexual techniques<\/li>\n<li>For premature ejaculation \u2013 expand repertoire of activities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Procedures to Change Attitudes and Thought<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sensate-focus exercises<\/li>\n<li>Help focus on physical sensations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Communication Training<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Communicate likes and dislikes to one another<\/li>\n<li>Expressing sexual preferences<\/li>\n<li>**Used when dysfunction is specific to a given relationship and not a concern with previous partners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Directed Masturbation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Developed to enhance a women\u2019s comfort with and enjoyment of sexuality<\/li>\n<li>Women carefully examines her nude body, identify various areas, instructed to touch her genitals, find areas that produce pleasure<\/li>\n<li>Increase intensity using erotic fantasies, if no orgasm, use vibrator, let her partner do for her as she was doing<\/li>\n<li>Helpful for treating orgasmic disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other Physical Treatments<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Learn sexual positions that increase clitoral stimulation (for female orgasmic disorder)<\/li>\n<li>Squeeze technique (premature ejaculation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Medications<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Testosterone therapy (not approved by FDA for female) \u2013 sexual interest\/arousal disorder \uf0b7 Psychotherapy is helpful alongside medication \uf0b7 Antidepressants:\n<ul>\n<li>Helpful is depression contributes to diminished sex drive<\/li>\n<li>Particularly use SSRIs \u2013 also helpful in treatment of premature ejaculation o Some actually interfere with sexual responsiveness, use 2<sup>nd<\/sup> medication e.g. buproprion \uf0b7 PDE-5 inhibitors:<\/li>\n<li>Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor *treatment for erectile disorder<\/li>\n<li>Relax smooth muscles and allow blow to flow into penis, creating erection during sexual stimulation but not in its absence<\/li>\n<li>Taken 1 hour before sex, effects last 4 hours o Side effects: headaches, indigestions<\/li>\n<li>May be dangerous with cardiovascular disease (often comorbid)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> Paraphilic Disorders<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>= Recurrent sexual attraction to unusual objects or sexual activities lasting at least 6 months<\/li>\n<li>1 category for people whose sexual attractions are focused on causing pain &amp; another for those focused on children<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When termed \u201cdisorder\u201d \u2013 diagnoses are to be considered only when the sexual attractions cause marked distress or impairment or when the person engages in sexual activities with a nonconsenting person<\/p>\n<p>Objects of sexual attraction are described: o <strong>Fetishistic disorder<\/strong> = an inanimate object or non-genital body part o <strong>Transvestic disorder<\/strong> = cross-dressing o <strong>Pedophilic disorder<\/strong> = children<\/p>\n<p>o <strong>Voyeuristic disorder<\/strong> = watching unsuspecting others undress or have sex o <strong>Exhibitionistic disorder<\/strong> = exposing one\u2019s genitals to an unwilling stranger o <strong>Frotteuristic disorder<\/strong> = sexual touching of an unsuspecting person o <strong>Sexual sadism disorder<\/strong> = inflicting pain o <strong>Sexual masochism disorder<\/strong> = receiving pain<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lack of structured interviews to reliably assess these disorders<\/li>\n<li>Most people with Paraphilic disorders are heterosexual males<\/li>\n<li>Onset: adolescence (sadism and masochism in early adulthood)<\/li>\n<li>More than 2\/3 meet mood disorder criteria, anxiety\/substance disorders also common<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Fetishistic Disorder<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1) For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving the use of nonliving objects or nongenital body parts<\/li>\n<li>2) Causes significant distress or impairment in functioning<\/li>\n<li>3) The sexually arousing objects are not limited to articles of clothing used in cross-dressing or to devices designed to provide tactile genital stimulation, such as a vibrator<\/li>\n<li>Almost exclusively effects men, fetish sometimes necessary for sexual arousal<\/li>\n<li>Clothing (underwear), leather, articles related to feet (stockings, women\u2019s shoes) are common fetishes o Hair, nails, hands, feet are sexually arousing<\/li>\n<li>Feel compulsive attraction to the object, involuntary and irresistible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pedophilic Disorder and Incest<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1) For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving sexual contact with a prepubescent child<\/li>\n<li>2) Person has acted on these urges or the urges and fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal problems<\/li>\n<li>3) Person is at least 16 years old and 5 years older than the child<\/li>\n<li>Generally molest children they know, most don\u2019t engage in violence other than the sexual act<\/li>\n<li>Denies that he is forcing himself on the victim<\/li>\n<li>50% are adolescent males, most are heterosexual<\/li>\n<li><strong>Incest<\/strong> = sexual relations between close relatives for whom marriage is forbidden (subtype of pedophilic disorder) o Most common between brother and sister, then father and daughter o Children of incest can inherit too many recessive genes and lead to serious genetic defect o Men who commit incest usually abuse their pubescent daughters (vs. pre-pubertal) o Show greater penile arousal <strong> Voyeuristic Disorder<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1) For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving the observation of unsuspecting others who are naked, disrobing, or engaged in sexual activity<\/p>\n<p>2) Person has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person, or the urges and fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal problems<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These fantasies are quite common among men<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u201cPeeping\u201d helps promote sexual arousal and is sometimes essential for it<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does not find it exciting to watch a women who is undressing for his benefit<\/li>\n<li>Excited by anticipation of how the women would react is she knew he was watching<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> Exhibitionistic Disorder<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1) For at least 6 months recurrent, intense, and sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving showing one\u2019s genitals to an unsuspecting person<\/p>\n<p>2) Person has acted on these urges to a nonconsenting person, or the urges and fantasies cause clinically significant distress or interpersonal problems<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Many masturbate during exposure<\/li>\n<li>Desire to shock or embarrass the observer<\/li>\n<li>Urge to expose triggered by anxiety and restlessness and well as by sexual arousal<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms of anxiety: headaches, palpitations and Derealization<\/li>\n<li>May be repeated often, same place, same time of day *compulsive<\/li>\n<li>Social and legal consequences are far off of mind<\/li>\n<li>Flee and feel remorseful after <strong> Frotteuristic Disorder <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1) For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense and sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person<\/p>\n<p>2) Person has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person, or the urges and fantasies cause clinically significant distress<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Typically occurs on a crowded bus or sidewalk that provide an easy means of escape \uf0b7 Report doing so a dozen times<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> Sexual Sadism and Masochism Disorders <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Sadism Criteria<\/p>\n<p>1) For at least 6 months, recurrent, intense, and sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving the physical or psychological suffering of another person<\/p>\n<p>2) Causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning or the person has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person Masochism Criteria<\/p>\n<p>1) For at least 6 months, recurrent, intense, and sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviours involving the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or made to suffer<\/p>\n<p>2) Causes marked distress or impairments in functioning<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Manifestations of masochism: physical bondage, blindfolding, spanking, whipping, electric shocks, cutting, humiliation (being urinated\/defecated on, being forced to wear a collar and bark, being put on display naked), and taking the role of slave and submitting to orders and commands<\/li>\n<li>Most sadists have relationships with masochists, or can take on both roles **masochists outnumber sadists<\/li>\n<li>Behaviour becoming more acceptable over time<\/li>\n<li>Found in straight and gay relationships<\/li>\n<li>20-30% of sadomasochistic clubs are female<\/li>\n<li>Above average in income and educational status<\/li>\n<li>Alcohol abuse is common among sadists<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Etiology of Paraphilic Disorders <\/strong>Neurobiological Factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Most paraphilics are male, perhaps androgens (hormones like testosterone) play a role<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Androgens regulate sexual desire *high among sexual offenders with Paraphilic disorders<\/p>\n<p>Childhood Sexual Abuse<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2\/3 of sexual offenders reported a history of sexual abuse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Psychological Factors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Succumbing to sexual urge thought of as impulsive act, often occur in context of alcohol use (unable to inhibit impulses)<\/li>\n<li>Others report often occur in context of negative moods \u2013 sexual activity used as means to escape<\/li>\n<li>Heightened impulsivity and poor emotion regulation<\/li>\n<li>Cognitive distortions and attitudes, lack of empathy for women<\/li>\n<li>Distortion that a women who left her blinds up wants to be looked at, or women who dress provocatively \u201cask for it\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Men with pedophilia have lower IQ, higher rates of neurocognitive problems <strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Strategies to Enhance Motivation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sexual offenders lack motivation to change illegal behaviour<\/li>\n<li>Deny their problem, minimize seriousness, feel confident that they can control it<\/li>\n<li>Blame the victim for being overly seductive<\/li>\n<li>Enhance motivation, bolster hope that client can gain control over urges through treatment, highlight potential legal consequences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>CBT<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aversion therapy to reduce attraction to inappropriate object\/activity<\/li>\n<li>Satiation \u2013 trained to pair Paraphilic fantasy with another aversive stimulus (masturbating for 55 minutes after orgasm)<\/li>\n<li>Covert sensitization \u2013 person imagines situations he finds inappropriately arousing and imagines feeling sick\/ashamed for feeling and acting this way *reduces deviant arousal<\/li>\n<li>Counter distorted thinking that the subjects aren\u2019t really being harmed<\/li>\n<li>Social skills training, training in empathy towards others<\/li>\n<li>Sexual impulse control training<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Biological Treatments<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Castration \u2013 removal of testes<\/li>\n<li>Medications used as supplement to psyc treatment \u2013 hormonal agents that reduce androgens o Reduce arousal to deviant objects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Long-term use associated with negative side effects<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SSRIs commonly used<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Balancing Efforts to Protect Public Against Civil Liberties for Those with Paraphilias<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unconstitutional to detain a person on basis of his\/her potential for future crimes<\/li>\n<li>High risk for sexual crime can be detained if risk is related to psyc disorder that diminished ability to control sexual behaviour<\/li>\n<li>Allowed to find out where sexual offenders are living<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sexual dysfunctions = persistent disruptions in the ability to experience sexual arousal, desire or orgasms, or pain associated with intercourse Paraphilic disorders = persistent and troubling attractions to unusual&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/abnormal-psychology\/sexual-disorders\/\">Continue Reading<span> Sexual Disorders<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[104],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4201"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4201"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4898,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4201\/revisions\/4898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}