\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Operates by the pleasure principle<\/strong>– aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | The ID is illogical, amoral, and drive to satisfy instinctual needs<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | The ID is the original system of personality- at <\/strong>birth a person is all ID <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It is the primary source of psychic energy and the seat of instincts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It lacks organization and is blind, demanding and insistent.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It never matures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It is largely unconscious <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/p>\n EGO<\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Attempts to organize and mediate between the ID and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n \n\n\n| <\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | dangers posed by the ID\u2019s impulses.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Actions of the ego may or may not be conscious<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Delays immediate gratification\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Operates by the reality principle<\/strong>– the EGO does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It controls the blind impulses of the ID<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | The EGO is the executive that regulates the personality. <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/p>\n SUPEREGO<\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | We can protect ourselves from the dangerous of our own drives by establishing a superego, which is the internalized social component.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Operates by the moral principle<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | Judicial: moral code, represents the ideal, strives for perfection.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It functions to inhibit the ID impulses and to persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones, and to strive for perfection. <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | \u2022<\/td>\n | It is the internalization of the standards of parents<\/strong> and society is related to the psychological rewards and punishments (punishment= guilt\/inferiority rewards= pride\/self-love).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n Development of personality<\/p>\n \n- There are 5 psychosexual stages of development- first three are particularly important.<\/u>\n
\n- Oral stage<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 deals with the inability to trust oneself and others<\/strong>, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self-esteem. <\/strong><\/li>\n
- Anal stage<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 deals with the inability to recognize and express anger<\/strong>, leading to the denial of one\u2019s own power<\/strong> as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Phallic stage<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 deals with the inability to fully accept one\u2019s sexuality<\/strong> and sexual feelings<\/strong> and also difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or woman. <\/strong><\/li>\n
- Latency<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 sexual interests replaced by interests in school, sport etc., relationships with others<\/li>\n
- Genital stage<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 phallic stage revived, can deal with sexual energy by putting into forming friendships.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Freud proposed three early stages of development that often bring people to counselling when not appropriately resolved.<\/li>\n
- According to the psychoanalytic view, these three areas of development are all grounded in the first 6 years of life.<\/strong><\/li>\n
- When a child\u2019s needs are not met during these stages, they may become fixated at that stage and behave psychologically immature ways later in life.<\/li>\n
- Erikson built on Freud\u2019s ideas and developed the psychosocial stages\u00e0\u00e0 the basic psychological and social tasks, which an individual needs to master.\n
\n- This theory holds that psychosexual growth and psychosocial growth take place together.<\/li>\n
- At each stage of life we face the task of establishing equilibrium between our social world and ourselves.<\/li>\n
- Development is divided by specific crises to be resolved\u00e0\u00e0 a crisis <\/strong>is equivalent to a turning in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Classical psychoanalysis is grounded on ID psychology<\/strong>\u00e0\u00e0 contemporary psychoanalysis is based on ego psychology.<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Three little pigs\/Cinderella metaphor<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Psychoanalytic theory<\/p>\n \n- It is a model of personality development<\/strong> – It is a subset of psychodynamic theory.<\/li>\n
- It is a model that calls attention to psychodynamic processes that motivate behaviour (such as the role of the unconscious<\/strong>) and developing our understanding of the structure of one\u2019s basic character.<\/li>\n
- Freud was fairly rigid with his theories\u00e0\u00e0 he had very little tolerance for colleagues who diverged from his psychoanalytic doctrines<\/li>\n
- Jung and Adler worked closely with Freud but each founded their own therapeutic orientation after repeated conflict with Freud\u00e0\u00e0 they extended Freud\u2019s theories.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Conscious and unconscious<\/p>\n \n- Conscious<\/strong>: what\u2019s on the surface- we are aware of it (logic and reality)<\/li>\n
- Unconscious<\/strong>: what is below the surface- below our awareness threshold (instincts and drives) o Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious: dreams, slips of the tongue, posthypnotic suggestions, material derived from free-association and projective techniques, and symbolic content of psychotic symptoms.<\/em><\/li>\n
- The aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious motives conscious<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Anxiety<\/p>\n \n- Feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires and experience that emerges to the surface of our awareness<\/li>\n
- Function: warning of impending danger<\/li>\n
- Develops out of conflict between the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO for control over the psychic energy<\/li>\n
- Reality anxiety<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 fear of danger from the external world<\/li>\n
- Neurotic anxiety<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something they will be punished for. Evoked by threats to the balance of power.<\/li>\n
- Moral anxiety<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 fear of one\u2019s own conscious. Evoked by threats to the balance of power. – When ego cannot control anxiety it relies on indirect methods<\/em>\u00e0\u00e0 ego-defence behaviour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Ego defence mechanisms<\/p>\n \n- They are normal behaviours, which operate on an unconscious level <\/strong>and tend to deny or distort reality.<\/strong><\/li>\n
- They help the individual to cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. <\/em>– \u00a0 Most common is denial<\/strong><\/li>\n
- They have an adaptive value only if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality. – Examples: \u00a0<\/em>\n
\n- Repression o Denial \u00a0<\/em>o Reaction formation o Projection o Displacement o Rationalization o Sublimation o Regression o Introjection \u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n
- Identification<\/li>\n
- Compensation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Therapeutic process<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nTherapeutic goals <\/em><\/p>\n\n- Overall aim: to increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts.<\/li>\n
- Two goals of psychoanalytical therapy are to make the unconscious conscious <\/strong>and to strengthen the ego so that behaviour is based more on reality <\/strong>and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt. <\/strong><\/li>\n
- Psychoanalytic therapy is oriented toward achieving insight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Therapist\u2019s function and role <\/em><\/p>\n\n- Analyst typically assumes an anonymous stance<\/strong>\u00e0\u00e0 sometimes called the black-screen approach.<\/em><\/li>\n
- They engage in very little disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship<\/strong>\u00e0\u00e0 client makes projections onto them.<\/li>\n
- These projections, which have their origins in unfinished and repressed situations, are considered grist for the mill <\/em>and their analysis is the very essence of therapeutic work.<\/li>\n
- One of the central functions is to help clients acquire the freedom to love, work and play, achieving self-awareness, honesty, dealing with anxiety, gaining control over impulsive and irrational behaviour etc. <\/em><\/li>\n
- They make appropriate interpretations\u00e0\u00e0 this accelerates the process of uncovering unconscious material<\/li>\n
- Analysts help clients to achieve insight into their problems, increase their awareness of ways to change, and thus gain more control over their lives.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Client\u2019s experience in therapy\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n\n- Client is free to express anything that comes to mind without self-censorship \u00e0\u00e0This process is known as the fundamental rule.<\/u><\/li>\n
- Clients report their feelings, experiences, memories and fantasies lying on a couch\u00e0\u00e0 encourages deep, uncensored reflections and reduces the stimuli that might interfere<\/strong> also reduces their ability to read their analysts face for reactions.<\/li>\n
- The analyst remains non-judgmental.<\/li>\n
- The client is ready to terminate therapy when\u2026 o They and their therapist mutually agree that they have resolved those symptoms and core conflicts <\/strong>\n
\n- Have clarified and accepted<\/strong> their remaining emotional problems o Have understood the historical roots of their problems<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Have mastery of core themes\u2019<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Have insight <\/strong>into how their environment affects them and how they affect the environment<\/li>\n
- Achieved reduced defensiveness<\/strong> o Can integrate<\/strong> their awareness of past problems with their present relationships.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Curtis and Hirsch suggest that termination tends to bring up intense feelings of attachment, separation and loss\u00e0\u00e0 thus, termination date is set well in advance so feelings can be spoken about.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Relationship between therapist and client <\/em><\/p>\n\n- The classical analyst stands outside the relationship, comments on it, and offers insightproducing interpretations.<\/li>\n
- A significance aspect of the therapeutic relationship is manifested through transference reactions.<\/strong><\/li>\n
- If therapy is to produce change, the transference relationship must be worked through<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Techniques<\/p>\n \n- Techniques are aimed at increasing awareness, fostering insights, and understanding the meanings of symptoms.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n \n\n\nMaintaining the analytic framework<\/em><\/td>\n| –<\/td>\n | The analyst\u2019s relative anonymity, the regularity and consistency of meetings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nAnalysis of resistance<\/em><\/td>\n| –<\/td>\n | Analyst helps clients become aware of the reasons for their resistance so that they can deal with them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Resistance is anything that works again the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nAnalysis of transference<\/em><\/td>\n| –<\/td>\n | Therapist uses this technique as a route to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | elucidating the client\u2019s intrapsychic life<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Transference: client\u2019s unconscious shifting to the analyst feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Unconscious repetition of the past in the present.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | It allows clients to achieve here-and-now insight into the influence of the past on their present functioning. <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Allows them to work through old conflicts that are keeping them fixated and retarding their emotional growth.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Counter-transference:<\/strong> therapist\u2019s reactions to the client- can project distortions onto the client.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Guidelines for working effectively with countertransference:<\/p>\n o\u00a0\u00a0 Manage their countertransference in a way that is beneficial.<\/p>\n o\u00a0\u00a0 Gain self-understanding<\/strong> and establish appropriate boundarie<\/strong>s with clients. o Personal therapy and clinical supervision<\/strong> for therapists can be most helpful in better understanding how their internal reactions influence the therapy process.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\nFree association<\/em><\/td>\n| –<\/td>\n | Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nInterpretation<\/em><\/td>\n| –<\/td>\n | Therapist points out, explains and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \nDream analysis <\/em><\/td>\n| –<\/td>\n | Therapist uses the \u2018royal road to the unconscious\u2019 to bring unconscious material to light.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | During sleep, defences are lowered and repressed feelings surface.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Dreams have two levels of content: latent content and manifest content.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Latent content:<\/strong> consists of hidden, symbolic and unconscious motives, wishes and fears.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| <\/td>\n | –<\/td>\n | Manifest content: <\/strong>the dream as it appears to the dreamer (latent content is so painful they are transformed into the more acceptable manifest content)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n Group counselling<\/p>\n \n- Group work provides a rich framework for working through transference feelings<\/li>\n
- The group becomes a microcosm of members\u2019 everyday lives<\/li>\n
- Projections onto the leader and members are valuable clues to unresolved conflicts within the person that can be identified and worked through in the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n Carl Jung<\/p>\n \n- A Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded Analytical Psychology.<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Trained Jungian Therapists are called
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