The importance of evidence based practice<\/p>\n
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Bias in thinking<\/p>\n
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Examples of ineffective interventions<\/p>\n
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Efficacy of psychotherapy<\/p>\n
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Relative efficacy of psychotherapies<\/p>\n
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Psychotherapy vs. antidepressants<\/p>\n
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How many sessions do people need?<\/p>\n
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The placebo effect<\/p>\n
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Problems with placebo<\/p>\n
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Instead of placebo, we use wait list controls or treatment as usual<\/u><\/p>\n
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Common factors<\/p>\n
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Therapist characteristics<\/p>\n
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Factors that matter<\/p>\n
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Collecting patient feedback<\/p>\n
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Major theorists<\/u> <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Freud\u2019s family background is a factor to consider in understanding the development of his theory.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 During his early 40s, Freud had numerous psychosomatic disorders, as well as exaggerated fears of dying and other phobias, and was involved in the difficult talk of self-analysis.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He first examined his childhood memories and came to realise the intense hostility he had felt for his father.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He also recalled his childhood sexual feelings for his mother.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Freud had very little tolerance for colleges who diverged from his psychoanalytic doctrines.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Carl Jung and Alfred Adler worked closely with Freud but each founded their own therapeutic schools after repeated conflict with Freud.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He pioneered new techniques for understanding human behaviour and his efforts resulted in the most comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy ever developed.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \u2022\u00a0 Grew up in Vienna<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He was a sickly child- at age 4 he almost died of pneumonia.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Because he was ill so much during the first few years of his life, Adler was pampered by his mother.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He developed a trusting relationship with his father but did not feel very close to his mother.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He was extremely jealous older brother, Sigmund, which lead to a strained relationship between the two during childhood and adolescence.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Adler\u2019s early childhood experiences had an impact on the formation of his theory.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Alder is an example of a person who shaped his own life as opposed to having it determined by fate.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He was a poor student but with a determined effort Adler eventually rose to the top of his class.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He spoke and wrote in simple, nontechnical language so that the general population could understand and apply his principles.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He pioneered the practice of teaching professionals through live demonstrations with parents and children, before large audiences, now called open forum family counselling. <\/strong><\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He died of heart failure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Interested in the psychological changes that occur at mid life<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Coined the terms extraversion and introversion<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Developed the personal collective unconscious- archetypes<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 His advice to a patient suffering from alcoholism led to the formation of AA.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He broke away from Freud, rejecting his emphasis on sex as the sole source of behaviour motivation.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He broke away from psychodynamic theories and formed his own theory called Analytical psychology.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Rogers <\/strong><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 A major person for humanistic psychology <\/strong><\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He was an introverted person and spent a lot of time reading and engaging in imaginative activity and reflection.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 His foundational ideas, especially the central role of the clienttherapist relationship as a means to growth and change, have been incorporated by many other theoretical approaches.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Often called the father of psychotherapy research- <\/strong>he was the first to study the counselling process in depth by analysing the transcripts of actual therapy sessions.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He was the first clinical to conduct major studies on psychotherapy using quantitative methods.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He was the first to formulate a comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy grounded in empirical research. <\/strong><\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 During the last 15 years of his life, he applied the PC approach to world peace by training policy makers, leaders, and groups in conflict.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \u2022\u00a0 Born in Vienna<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 From 1942-1945 he was a prisoner in the Nazi concentration camps at Auschwitz and Dachau, where his parents, brother, wife and children died.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 His compelling book Man\u2019s search for meaning <\/em>has been a bestseller around the world<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 His experiences in the Nazi death camps confirmed his views.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Frankl observed and personally experienced the truths expressed by existential philosophers and writers who hold that we have choices in every situation.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Frankl believed that the essence of being human lies in search for meaning and purpose.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He believed that love is the highest goal to which humans can aspire and that our salvation is through love.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Frankl acknowledge his indebtedness to Freud, although he disagrees with the rigidity of Freud\u2019s theory.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He established his international reputation as the founder of what has been called the third school of Viennese psychoanalysis.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Yalom has been a major figure in the field of group psychotherapy.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Yalom developed an existential approach to psychotherapy that addresses four givens of existence or ultimate human concerns: freedom and responsibility, existential isolation, meaninglessness and death.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Looked at the role of death anxiety in psychotherapy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \u2022\u00a0 Beck used his personal problems as a basis for understanding others and for developing his cognitive theory.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Beck attempted to validate Freud\u2019s theory of depression, but his research resulted in his parting company with Freud\u2019s motivational model and the explanation of depression as selfdirected anger.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Through his research, he developed a cognitive theory of depression.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 For Beck, negative thoughts reflect underlying dysfunctional beliefs and assumptions.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Beck believes clients can assume an active role in modifying their dysfunctional thinking and thereby gain relief from a range of psychiatric conditions. Beck is the pioneering figure in cognitive therapy, one of the most influential and empirically validated approaches to psychotherapy.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He developed assessment scales for depression, suicide risk, anxiety, self-concept and personality.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He is the founder of the Beck Institute.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Ellis <\/strong><\/td>\n Emotive <\/em><\/p>\n Behavioural <\/em><\/p>\n Therapy<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 He practiced psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, but eventually become disillusioned with the slow progress of clients.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He observed that they improved more quickly once they changed their ways of thinking about themselves and their problems.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Early 1955 he developed an approach to psychotherapy he called rational therapy and later rational emotive therapy and which is now known as rational emotive behaviour therapy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \u2022\u00a0 Born in Berlin, Germany, into a lower-middle class Jewish family.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He joined the German Army and served as a medic in WW1<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 His experiences with soldiers who were assessed on the front lines led to his interest in mental functioning, which led him to Gestalt psychology.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 After the war Perls worked with Kurt Goldstein at the Goldstein Institute for Brain-Damaged Soldiers in Frankfurt.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 It was through this association that he came to see the importance of viewing humans as a whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 He moved to Vienna and began his psychoanalytic training.<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 Personally, Perls was both vital and perplexing<\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 People typically either responded to him in awe or found him harshly confrontational and saw him as meeting his own needs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The importance of evidence based practice Psychology is invisible, abstract and difficult to define. People can be a bit cynical about psychology. Psychotherapy is an art as much as… Continue Reading Research Issues in Counseling<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[98],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4266"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4266"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4874,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4266\/revisions\/4874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4266"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n\n
\n Figure\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n Theory <\/strong><\/td>\n History\/Background <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Freud <\/strong><\/td>\n Psychoanalysis<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1856-1939<\/p>\n \n Alfred Adler <\/strong><\/td>\n Individual Psychology<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1870-1937<\/p>\n \n\n
\n Carl Jung <\/strong><\/td>\n Analytical Psychology<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1875-1961<\/p>\n \n Carl <\/strong><\/p>\n Person-Centred Psychology<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1902-1987<\/p>\n \n Victor Frankl <\/strong><\/td>\n Existentialism<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1905-1997<\/p>\n \n\n
\n Yalom <\/strong><\/td>\n Existentialism <\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1931-<\/p>\n \n Aaron Beck <\/strong><\/td>\n Cognitive Therapy<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1912-<\/p>\n \n Albert <\/strong><\/p>\n Rational <\/em><\/p>\n \u2022\u00a0 1913-2007<\/p>\n \n Fritz Perls <\/strong><\/td>\n Gestalt<\/em><\/td>\n \u2022\u00a0 1893-1970<\/p>\n \n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n through showmanship.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n