{"id":4407,"date":"2018-09-21T19:38:52","date_gmt":"2018-09-21T23:38:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4407"},"modified":"2018-09-21T19:48:50","modified_gmt":"2018-09-21T23:48:50","slug":"assessment-management-and-research-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/personality\/assessment-management-and-research-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Assessment, Management and Research Design"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>S-data:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Self-reports<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Questionnaires<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Benefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Easy to get large subject group<\/li>\n<li>Time-efficient<\/li>\n<li>Interview: allows thorough exploration<\/li>\n<li>Some information only known by individual<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A Likert-rating scale should be used to nuance the research results.<\/p>\n<p>General disadvantages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alexithymia (Alexithymie)<\/li>\n<li>No self-knowledge or introspection<\/li>\n<li>Dependent on motivation, capacity of person Bias:<\/li>\n<li>Social desirability<\/li>\n<li>Memory biases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>O-data:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Others-reports<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Professional observers<\/li>\n<li>Acquaintances<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Benefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Some biases less frequent<\/li>\n<li>Access to other kinds of information<\/li>\n<li>Multiple observers: interrater reliability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\uf0e8 No idiosyncratic elements<\/p>\n<p><strong>T-data:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Reactions to certain stimuli<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Standardized tests<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Experimentdl methods <\/em>Disadvantages:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Risk for faking<\/li>\n<li>Ecological validity<\/li>\n<li>Effects of tester on participant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Implicit tests\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Developed in the 1990 by Greenwald et al.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The (I)mplicit (A)ssociation (T)est.<\/li>\n<li>Reason: The assessment of attitudes is often influenced by social desirability, selfrepresentation, etc. and the IAT convents these problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Measurement of associations between concepts (reaction time)! e.g., racism, attitudes regarding elderly, political standpoints, etc.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This circumvents self-representation &#8211; Is successful, often used in research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Mechdnicdl registrdtion equipment<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>g. an actometer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Physiologicdl ddtd<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The autonomic nervous system is used.<\/li>\n<li>g. difference between psychopaths and control group when confronted with scary pictures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Projective techniques<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ambiguous stimulus is described.<\/li>\n<li>Often the \u2018own\u2019 structure, the inner features and the conflicts on the stimulus are projected.<\/li>\n<li><em>Rorschdch-test <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>L-data:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Data about an individual\u2019s life<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>g. education, work, accidents, marriage, internet usage. &#8211; S- and O-data are used to predict L-data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Convergence of data<\/h1>\n<p>It is of great importance that the different types of data are converged.<\/p>\n<p>Low convergence:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sources measure other phenomena\/contexts<\/p>\n<p>Solution = triangulation:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Averaging specificity of the source e.g., conflicts in the family.<\/p>\n<h1>Evaluation and Buality of a study<\/h1>\n<h2><em>Reliability<\/em><\/h2>\n<p><em>= Sensitivity of medsurements for unwdnted fluctudtions or vdridtions in medsurement results in the sdme individudl (medsurement errors).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Danger of response tendencies<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acquiescence = reversed coding<\/li>\n<li>Social desirability<\/li>\n<li>Extreme answers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Test-retest relidbility<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you do the same test several times, will the results be the same?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Interndl consistency<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculated using coefficient alpha<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Inter-rdter relidbility<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The degree of agreement among raters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><em>Validity<\/em><\/h2>\n<p><em>= The extent to which d study is well-founded dnd corresponds dccurdtely to the redl world. <\/em>A study can be reliable, but not valid. A study can\u2019t be valid but not reliable.<\/p>\n<p><em>Fdce vdlidity<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does, at first sight, the test measure what it is supposed to measure?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Content vdlidity<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Are the essential elements from the phenomenon you want to measure present?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Predictive vdlidity<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Can the test predict an external criterion?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Convergent vdlidity<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does the test correlate with other tests that aim to assess the same phenomenon?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Discrimindnt vdlidity<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does the test also measure things you do not intent to measure?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Construct vdlidity<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does the test measure the theoretical construct that it is supposed to measure?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Generalizability<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>= The degree in which d test remdins vdlid dcross different circumstdnces.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S-data:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Self-reports Questionnaires Benefits: Easy to get large subject group Time-efficient Interview: allows thorough exploration Some information only known by individual A Likert-rating scale should be used to nuance&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/personality\/assessment-management-and-research-design\/\">Continue Reading<span> Assessment, Management and Research Design<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[111],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4407"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4407\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}