{"id":4648,"date":"2018-12-16T10:46:47","date_gmt":"2018-12-16T15:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/?p=4648"},"modified":"2019-05-25T22:48:54","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T02:48:54","slug":"research-objectives-of-the-study-of-personality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/research-objectives-of-the-study-of-personality\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Objectives of the Study of Personality\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Are certain personality attributes <em>antecedents<\/em> to physical activity-exercise \u00a0participation?<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Do certain personality attributes develop as a<em>#consequence<\/em> of physical \u00a0activity-exercise participation?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Personality Defined <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Underlying, relatively stable, psychological structures and processes that organize \u00a0human experience and shape a person\u2019s actions and reaction to the environment\u00a0 \u00a0&#8211; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Individual\u2019s unique but consistent psychological makeup<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Structure of Personality\u00a0 According to Hollander, 1967\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Personality core \u00a0o Developed form early environmental interactions<\/li>\n<li>Includes perceptions of external world and self, basic attitudes, values, interests, and motives<\/li>\n<li>Reflective of who we are; least amenable to change<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Typical responses to situations \u00a0o Fairly predictable behaviors and reactions<\/li>\n<li>Role-related behaviors\u00a0 \u00a0o Variable, daily behaviors influenced b the particular context we are in \u00a0o Most easily changed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Approaches to the Study of Personality <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Biological theories<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Dispositional-trait theories<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Learning-situational approaches<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Constitutional Theory \u2013 Somatotypes <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Individuals possess certain body types that predispose behavioral consistency \u00a0o <strong>Ectomorph:<\/strong> Tense, introverted, inhibited \u00a0o <strong>Endomorph<\/strong>: Affectionate, sociable, relaxed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o <strong>Mesomorph:<\/strong> Adventurous, dominant, aggressive, risk-taking<\/p>\n<h2>Person-Situation Debate<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Person perspective or trait approach: \u00a0o Personality is derived from stable, enduring attributes that lead to consistent \u00a0responses over time-situations<\/li>\n<li>Situation approach: \u00a0o Behavior is best explained by individual\u2019s reaction to environment<\/li>\n<li>Debate led to the <em>interactionist#perspective<\/em> to studying personality: \u00a0o Both individuals and the situations in which they find themselves are \u00a0important in determining behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Trait Theories of Personality<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emphasis is placed on the person rather than on the situation or the environment<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Traits are thought to reflect motivational systems that increase adaptation to \u00a0positive or negative stimuli<\/li>\n<li>Three related theories: \u00a0o Eysenck\u2019s personality theory \u00a0o Cattell\u2019s personality theory \u00a0o Five factor model<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Eysenck\u2019s Personality Theory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relationships between traits create superordinate trait dimensions<\/li>\n<li>Extroversion-Introversion E\u00a0 \u00a0o Neuroticism\u00a0 Emotionality -Stability\u00a0 N<\/li>\n<li>Psychoticism-Superego P<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Few people possess the traits that reflect the far ends of the dimensions<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Most people fall somewhere between the extremes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Eysenck\u2019s Framework and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Leads to specific predictions in exercise setting for extroversion and neuroticism\u00a0 \u00a0o <strong>Extroversion:<\/strong> Exercise could lead to increased stimulation, and thus lead to \u00a0adoption-adherence to exercise routine<\/li>\n<li><strong>Neuroticism:<\/strong> Exercise might contribute to more stable, less neurotic personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Research shows that personality can change as a result of regular physical activity \u2013 \u00a0reduced negative factors\u00a0 neuroticism\u00a0 and enhanced positive factors\u00a0 extroversion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Cattell\u2019s Personality Theory<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Isolated 16 personality traits that he thought were the essential of personality<\/li>\n<li>16 Personality Factor questionnaire\u00a0 16PF\u00a0 \u2013 used in sport personality and exercise \u00a0studies<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 A major conceptual problem has been the difficulty in interpreting complicated \u00a0findings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Cattell\u2019s Personality Theory and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Individuals with high levels of fitness have lower anxiety and neuroticism; greater \u00a0emotional stability, placidity, and relaxation<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Individuals with lower levels of anxiety and neuroticism respond favorably to \u00a0intense physical training\u00a0 vigorous exercise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>The Five-Factor Model and Exercise Behavior<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Neuroticism: C <\/strong>Exercise adherence, &#8211; self-reported exercise,\u00a0 &#8211; adaptive exercise \u00a0patterns, &#8211; advanced exercise stages, and + exercise dependence<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>ExtraversionCIntroversion: <\/strong>+ Moderate and strenuous exercise behavior, + self- reported exercise, + adaptive exercise patterns, + advanced stages, and + exercise \u00a0dependence<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Openness to Experience <\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Agreeableness: <\/strong>&#8211; Exercise dependence<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Conscientiousness:<\/strong> + Self-reported exercise, + adaptive exercise patterns, + \u00a0advanced exercise stages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Exercise and the Big 5<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Limited research<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Extraversion and conscientiousness seem to be associated with positive exercise \u00a0behaviors<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 The key personality trait explaining exercise participation may be a sub-trait of \u00a0extraversion called the activity trait<\/li>\n<li>The activity trait reflects a tendency to be busy, energetic, and to prefer fast-paced \u00a0living<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Intensity Preference and Tolerance<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Intensity preference is a predisposition to select a particular exercise intensity when \u00a0given the opportunity<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Intensity tolerance is a trait that influences one\u2019s ability to keep exercising at an \u00a0imposed level of intensity even when the activity becomes uncomfortable\u00a0 \u00a0&#8211; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Both constructs are associated with fitness level and exercise enjoyment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Coping in Sport and The Big Five <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No relationship between the Big Five and stressor type<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Increased Stress Intensity\u00a0 Increased Neuroticism and Decreased Agreeableness<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lower Perceived Control\u00a0 Increased Neuroticism and Decreased Conscientiousness<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Neuroticism appears to be an unsuitable dimension for competitive sport\u00a0 <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other Personality Factors in Exercise Research <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sex-Role Orientation<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Type A Behavior Pattern<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Hardiness<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Self-Motivation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Sex Role Orientation and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Masculinity\u00a0 M : <\/strong>Instrumental personality\u00a0 \u00a0o Risk-taking, independent, aggressive, competitive<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Femininity\u00a0 F : <\/strong>Expressive personality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Understanding, sympathetic, affectionate, compassionate<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Androgynous: <\/strong>Possesses high levels of both M and F<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Cross-gender activities are generally avoided by gender-typed individuals because of \u00a0psychological discomfort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Type A Behavior Pattern and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0Coronary-prone personality<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anger-hostility are important features for increased risk of cardiovascular disease<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing this behavior pattern as well as \u00a0cardiovascular disease\u00a0 but results of studies are not uniform<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Type A: <\/strong>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, decreased adherence rates, increased \u00a0effort, increased intensity, increased physiological activation, decreased RPE, increased \u00a0stress responses, increased negative affective responses<\/p>\n<p><strong>Type B: <\/strong>Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, increased adherence rates, decreased \u00a0effort, decreased intensity, decreased physiological activation, increased RPE, decreased \u00a0stress responses, decreased negative affective responses\u00a0 exact opposite of Type A<\/p>\n<p><u>Hardiness and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Characteristics:<\/h3>\n<p>o Sense of control over events \u00a0o Commitment, dedication, or involvement in everyday life \u00a0o Tendency to perceive life events as opportunities<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Related to tendency to engage in more healthful behaviors, such as exercise<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Not clear if a hardy personality leads to exercise, or if exercise leads to a hardy \u00a0personality\u00a0 could even be cyclical<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Self-Motivation and Exercise<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Psychobiological Model:<\/strong> Both biological factors\u00a0 body composition, body mass\u00a0 \u00a0and a psychological factor\u00a0 self-motivation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Early predictions of model: \u00a0<\/strong>o Percentage of body fat and body mass would be negatively related to exercise \u00a0adherence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>o Self-motivation would be positively related to adherence<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Subsequent research hasn\u2019t supported the model very well<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Practical Recommendations <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Individuals who seem to be more emotional-neurotic might be encouraged to begin \u00a0a regular exercise program \u00a0o \u201cExercise dose\u201d should be the same as would be given to improve fitness and \u00a0encourage weight loss<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0 Exercise programs should include some type of aerobic activity, since these activities \u00a0influence personality factors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 Are certain personality attributes antecedents to physical activity-exercise \u00a0participation? \u00a0\u00a0 Do certain personality attributes develop as a#consequence of physical \u00a0activity-exercise participation? &nbsp; Personality Defined \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Underlying, relatively stable,&hellip; <a class=\"continue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/exercise\/research-objectives-of-the-study-of-personality\/\">Continue Reading<span> Research Objectives of the Study of Personality\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[120],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4648"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4648"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4648\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4799,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4648\/revisions\/4799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4648"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4648"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/academic\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4648"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}