{"id":2271,"date":"2017-03-01T02:16:19","date_gmt":"2017-03-01T07:16:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/?p=2271"},"modified":"2017-05-20T13:50:43","modified_gmt":"2017-05-20T17:50:43","slug":"treatment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Treatment Q&A"},"content":{"rendered":"

The treatment psychotherapy <\/strong>was fathered by Freud \u00a0who took Josef Breurs research with Anna O that proved that talking to clients helped relieve some \u00a0physical ailments.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

How many types of treatments are there?<\/h2>\n

Procedures can be classified into three main categories; insight therapies, behavioural therapies, and biomedical therapies.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are insight therapies?<\/h2>\n

This is the traditional Freudian \u201ctalk therapy\u201d. This can be done on individual to individual or in groups.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are behavioural therapies?<\/h2>\n

This is based \u00a0off of learning. The psychotherapist tries to directly alter behaviour (phobias, maladaptive behaviour) through classical, operant, or observational conditioning.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are biomedical therapies?<\/h2>\n

These therapies attempt to work on the biological level. Drug therapy and electro shock \u00a0therapy are often in this category. There \u00a0are limitations on what kind \u00a0of psychological, usually only \u00a0a psychiatrist or a person with a medical degree, that can conduct these sorts of therapies.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Who can provide treatment for mental disorders?<\/h2>\n

There \u00a0are several ways \u00a0to get professional mental health. However the two primary careers are for psychologists and psychiatrists. Clinical social \u00a0workers, counsellors and marriage counsellors can also do some \u00a0treatment.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are psychologists?<\/h2>\n

There \u00a0are two kinds \u00a0that can provide therapy; clinical psychologists (treatment of full-fledged disorders) and counselling psychologists (everyday adjustment problems). Both require a doctoral degree, which is a highly competitive degree to get accepted into. It is followed by a one year internship. Their \u00a0techniques are usually behavioural. However they also do psychological testing, psychotherapy and conducting of research.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are psychiatrists?<\/h2>\n

This profession specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. The disorders they treat are often some \u00a0of the more \u00a0severe, such as schizophrenia. This profession requires an M.D degree, four years \u00a0of course \u00a0work \u00a0in medical school, and a four year \u00a0apprenticeship in a residency at a hospital. There \u00a0is an increase in drug \u00a0therapy in this profession. They use more \u00a0psychoanalysis then psychologists.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What other kinds of people can \u00a0provide professional treatment?<\/h2>\n

Clinical <\/u>s<\/u>o<\/u>c<\/u>i<\/u>a<\/u>l<\/u> workers: <\/u>Masters degree. Work \u00a0with patients to ease way\u00a0 back into community. P<\/u>sychiatric nurses:<\/u> hospital inpatient treatment. Bachelors or masters in their field.<\/p>\n

Counsellors:<\/u> Schools, colleges, youth centers, etc. Masters degree. Usually have \u00a0a specific kind of counselling (marital, etc).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are insight therapies?<\/h2>\n

These therapies use verbal interaction to solve \u00a0the patients problems. There are several ways to go about doing this.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is psychoanalysis?<\/h2>\n

This was developed by Freud. He believed that getting to the root problems hidden in the unconscious would alleviate psychological problems. These problems were \u00a0often caused \u00a0by our pleasure principle and the constant aggression between the Id, the superego and the ego. In order to hide \u00a0some \u00a0of our unconscious emotions we would use defence mechanisms.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is the therapeutic procedure used in psychoanalysis.<\/h2>\n

Probing the unconscious is the technique that psychoanalysis uses. It relies \u00a0on two things; free association and dream analysis. Often, transference is encouraged during sessions.<\/p>\n

Free association is allowing the client to talk with no censorship. This often leads \u00a0to the client pouring out very \u00a0deep \u00a0secrets, feelings or ideas.<\/p>\n

Dream analysis is the training of clients to remember their dreams and recall them in sessions \u00a0so that the counsellor can weed \u00a0out hidden meanings or etc.<\/p>\n

Transference is the process or behaviour that the client unconsciously starts treating his therapist as one of his relationship partners. So he or she might start treating the therapist like \u00a0an overprotecting mother or inadequate father.<\/p>\n

These processes are often meet with resistance, especially to the interpretations the counsellor has.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is the psychodynamic approach to therapy?<\/h2>\n

Psychodynamic therapy is a modern version of Freud\u2019s original psychoanalytical therapy. This was necessary to do for changing times and changing clientele. \u00a0Such revisions where those that where made \u00a0by Carl Jung and Alfred.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is client-centered therapy?<\/h2>\n

This came \u00a0from the human potential movement which was stimulated by Carl Rogers. \u00a0It focuses on providing emotional support. The theory behind this therapy is in contradiction to Freud\u2019s; people are anxious because they have \u00a0an incongruence between their self-concept and reality and the fear of people telling you, \u00a0or recognizing that. This is ultimately rooted in peoples need \u00a0of acceptance from others. This is what client-centered therapy tries to stop and tries to, instead, foster personal acceptance and growth. An important factor of this therapy is therapeutic climate. Interpretation and advice on the part of the therapist is kept at a minimum.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What did Rogers mean by therapeutic climate?<\/h2>\n

Therapeutic climate is a climate of emotional security that is essential for the therapy to work. It was to be achieved in three ways;<\/p>\n

Genuineness: Honest and spontaneous communication Unconditional positive regard: Acceptance of person. Empathy: Understand world from clients point of view.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is the function of client-centered therapy?<\/h2>\n

The therapist is to act like \u00a0a mirror to the client; bouncing back \u00a0ideas, \u00a0thoughts, or feelings with heightened clarity. This is supposed to help \u00a0the client realize things and grow \u00a0further.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is emotion-focused couples therapy?<\/h2>\n

Helping couples work \u00a0out what emotional needs \u00a0are not meet in their relationship.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is emotion-focused therapy?<\/h2>\n

Based off of the work \u00a0of Carl Rogers, \u00a0emotion focused therapy on acknowledging and working with the underlying emotions of the client.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are positive psychology inspired therapies?<\/h2>\n

These therapies have \u00a0grown from positive psychology (a psychology that looks \u00a0at all the positive aspects of humans). In this field are therapies like \u00a0well-being therapy and positive psychotherapy.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is well-being therapy?<\/h2>\n

Created by Giovanni Fava it attempts to allow \u00a0the person self-acceptance, personal growth and etc. Great for treatment of anxiety and mood \u00a0disorders.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is positive psychotherapy?<\/h2>\n

Created by Martin Seligman, it attempts to help \u00a0the client recognize their strengths, find meaning in their life, try to make \u00a0positive experiences and savour them as well \u00a0as forgive those who have wronged them. It has proven to be very \u00a0effective for depression.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is group therapy?<\/h2>\n

This type of therapy came \u00a0out during World \u00a0War II and was based \u00a0off of insight therapies. The only difference is that instead of one client the therapist treats several at a time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is the function of the participants in group therapy?<\/h2>\n

The participants are screened so that there will \u00a0be congruency between the people. Most often you are not there for only \u00a0yourself but to act as a therapist to the others as well. \u00a0The therapists main responsibility lies in selecting the participants, making sure the participants are going in the right direction and protecting them from harm. The therapist and participants are mainly on equal \u00a0footing with the therapist remaining mostly in the background and being a model for behaviour.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are the advantages of group therapy?<\/h2>\n

Group \u00a0therapy is often cheaper but it is also a good \u00a0way \u00a0to realize that you are not alone \u00a0in your problems and have \u00a0an opportunity to work \u00a0on your \u00a0social \u00a0skills.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Why is evaluating treatment important and difficult?<\/h2>\n

The fact of the matter is that some \u00a0patients have \u00a0spontaneous remission. So after therapy you cannot always conclude that the disorder has passed \u00a0because of the therapy. The difficulty in evaluating insight therapies in particular is the subjective nature of the therapy. Many \u00a0client evaluations are slanted towards attempting to make \u00a0the therapy sound \u00a0better then it might have been \u00a0just so they feel that the time and effort has paid \u00a0off.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is the general belief about insight therapies with evaluation?<\/h2>\n

Even though it is difficult, there have \u00a0been \u00a0evaluations that look \u00a0at different aspects of insight therapies. Together they show \u00a0that insight therapy is superior to no treatment or placebo treatment and that the effects are fairly stable. They show \u00a0similar results to those of drug \u00a0therapies.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are the common practices between different approaches to therapy?<\/h2>\n

There \u00a0are approximately five; 1) therapeutic alliance with the therapist, 2) emotional support and understanding from therapist, 3) beginning to hope \u00a0and have \u00a0positive expectations about ones life, 4) understanding what is causing anxiety and learning ways \u00a0to get rid of it, 5) expression of feelings and learning new things<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are behaviour therapies?<\/h2>\n

Behaviour therapies treat the symptoms as the problem and not an extension of deeper issues. They attempt to treat maladaptive behaviour with the principles of learning. This approach came from the work \u00a0of B.F. Skinner. It works \u00a0on two assumptions; 1) that behaviour is a product of learning and 2) what has been \u00a0learned can be unlearned.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is systematic desensitization?<\/h2>\n

This was developed by Joseph Wolpe. \u00a0This is a therapy that attempts to get rid of phobias their client may \u00a0have \u00a0by counter conditioning <\/strong>(learning relaxation instead of anxiety towards stimuli). In other words, it attempts to lessen \u00a0the conditioned bond \u00a0between a conditioned stimulus and response. This works \u00a0great for phobic clients and other anxiety disorders<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is the process of systematic desensitization?<\/h2>\n

This therapy works \u00a0in three ways;<\/p>\n

1) You identify and make \u00a0a list and\/or rate stimuli that arouses anxiety. This is called an anxiety hierarchy.<\/p>\n

2) Training of deep \u00a0muscle relaxation<\/p>\n

3) Imagining each stimulus on the hierarchy, the client attempts to remain calm \u00a0while thinking of each by using \u00a0the deep \u00a0muscle relaxation techniques.<\/p>\n

This is often followed by presentation of the real \u00a0stimulus in order to see if the patient has gotten rid of the conditioned links.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is aversion therapy?<\/h2>\n

This takes advantage of the physical nature of classical conditioning and attempts to pair \u00a0current behavioural problems or etc with physically unpleasant responses (drugs that make \u00a0you feel bad) \u00a0in order to strengthen the bond \u00a0between a behavioural problem and negative consequences. This works for drug \u00a0and alcohol abuse, \u00a0sexual deviance, gambling, stuttering, smoking and overeating.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is social skills training?<\/h2>\n

Because \u00a0people are not born \u00a0great at socializing and have \u00a0to learn \u00a0to it may \u00a0cause \u00a0great anxiety to those who have \u00a0not properly learned to. Hence \u00a0this training works \u00a0on the principles of operant conditioning and observational learning in order to help \u00a0quell \u00a0some \u00a0of the anxieties people may \u00a0be feeling due to lack of social \u00a0skills. \u00a0It emphasizes modelling, behavioural reversal and shaping.<\/p>\n

1) Modelling: observational learning. The patient is encouraged to watch socially skilled friends at \u201cwork\u201d<\/p>\n

2) Behavioural reversal: role \u00a0playing exercises where the patient is encouraged to try out techniques they\u2019ve observed.<\/p>\n

3)Shaping: are asked \u00a0to handle more \u00a0delicate and complicated real-life situations.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are cognitive-behavioural treatments?<\/h2>\n

Uses verbal and behavioural modifications in order to change maladaptive patterns of thinking. This includes Albert Ellis\u2019s rational emotive behaviour<\/strong>, Aaron \u00a0Beck\u2019s cognitive therapy <\/strong>(both from insight therapies), Donald Meichenbaum and Michael Mahoney have \u00a0treatments that emerged from the behavioural tradition.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is cognitive therapy?<\/h2>\n

This attempts to chance thinking patterns that underlie disorders. This was originally used more \u00a0for depression. It uses modelling, systematic monitoring of behaviour and behavioural rehearsal.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

How was cognitive therapy used for depression?<\/h2>\n

The idea \u00a0was that depressed people where prone to certain negative types of feelings. There \u00a0are four specific types; 1) blame experiences on their own personal inadequacies, 2) focus selectively on negative events, 3)are \u00a0pessimistic about their future, 4) draw \u00a0bad conclusions about themselves from insignificant events.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is self-instructional training?<\/h2>\n

Made by Meichenbaum. This is where patients are taught to use verbal statements in order to help cope with difficult situations.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What are biomedical therapies?<\/h2>\n

These are psychical therapies that attempt to reduce the symptoms of disorders so that people can go on with their lives. \u00a0Two most prominent types are drug \u00a0therapies and electroconvulsive therapy (shock \u00a0therapy).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What does drug therapy include?<\/h2>\n

There \u00a0are three areas \u00a0of drug \u00a0therapies; anti-anxiety drugs, antipsychotic, and antidepressant (most widely prescribed).<\/p>\n

Anti-anxiety drugs: <\/u>relieve tension, apprehension and nervousness.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>alium (diazepam) <\/strong>and \u00a0xanax (alprazolam)<\/strong>.This is in the benzodiazepine family<\/strong>. Are often called tranquilizers. Immediate effects and relatively short- lived. Some have \u00a0withdrawal symptoms when \u00a0treatment stops. \u00a0Common side effects include drowsiness, light-headedness, dry \u00a0mouth and depression. Increase activity of GABA<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Antipsychotic Drugs:<\/u> reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations and delusions. Treatment of schizophrenia and severe mood \u00a0disorders. Decrease dopamine synapses<\/strong>. Common side effects include drowsiness, constipation and dry \u00a0mouth. Can produce symptoms of muscle tremors and impaired motor coordination. Can sometimes produce tardive dyskinesia, which is incurable. Take a while \u00a0to take effect<\/p>\n

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs; clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine. Have less side-effects. Treatment of schizophrenia.<\/p>\n

These drugs are often more effective for positive <\/strong>s<\/strong>y<\/strong>m<\/strong>p<\/strong>t<\/strong>o<\/strong>m <\/strong>s<\/strong>c<\/strong>h<\/strong>izophrenia (hallucinations) not negative (absence of effect). Positive symptoms <\/strong>a<\/strong>r<\/strong>e <\/strong>probably induced <\/strong>by too much dopamine so antipsychotic drugs act as dopamine antagonists to decrease the amount. Negative symptoms on the other hand are seen as happening due \u00a0to bran damage and \u00a0enlarged ventricles.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Antidepressant Drugs:<\/u> take a time to exhibit effect. Tricyclis (block reuptake <\/strong>of Norepinephrine and \u00a0serotonin) ; fewer side-effects and \u00a0complications than MAO inhibitors (allows transmitter to work for longer periods of time).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs); <\/strong>sl<\/strong>oe<\/strong>s \u00a0the reuptake at serotonin synapses<\/strong>. Includes flexitime, paroxetine, sertraline. Less dangerous side- effects. Can treat OCD, panic \u00a0disorders, anxiety disorders. May increase suicide risk, \u00a0around 2-4% more \u00a0than placebos.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SNRIs: <\/strong>Inhibit reuptake of serotonin and Norepinephrine. Venlafazine and duloxetine. Stronger but \u00a0more \u00a0side-effects.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mood Stabilizers: <\/u>Controls mood \u00a0swings in bipolar people. Lithium; better for future episodes but can bring someone out of a current episode.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The treatment psychotherapy was fathered by Freud \u00a0who took Josef Breurs research with Anna O that proved that talking to clients helped relieve some \u00a0physical ailments.   How many… Continue Reading Treatment Q&A<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1284,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[66],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2271"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2271\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.amyork.ca\/community\/zz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}